Unit 16 - Human Reproduction 2 Flashcards
How do oestrogen pills work to prevent pregnancy?
Oestrogen pills inhibit FSH which stops the egg from maturing
How do progesterone pills work to prevent pregnancy?
Progesterone pills cause a sticky mucus to form at the cervix which prevents the sperm from fertilising the egg
Give 4 different types of birth control
- Natural methods
- Barriers
- Chemicals
- Surgical methods
Give 2 examples of natural methods of birth control
- Abstinence (refraining from sex)
- Monitoring temperature and cervical mucus levels to predict ovulation
Give 2 examples of barriers that act as birth control
- Condoms - Can be male or female condoms and prevent the sperm from entering the vagina
- Diaphragm - A silicone dome shaped object that is inserted into the vagina to cover the cervix (usually used alongside chemical methods)
Give 5 examples of chemical methods of birth control
- IUD
- IUS
- Contraceptive pill
- Implant
- Injection
Briefly describe the use of an IUD as a contraceptive device
Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are small copper-coated tubes in a T shape inserted into the wall of the uterus that prevent sperm from reaching the egg and the copper works to kill the sperm
Describe the use of an IUS as a contraceptive device
- Similar to IUD. An IUS is T-shaped and releases the hormone progesterone slowly.
- The progestrone thickenss the cervical mucus and thin the womb lining which prevents ovulation
Describe the use of an implant as a contraceptive device
- The implant is a small matchstick sized device
- Inserted into the upper arm
- It releases progestogen into the bloodstream which prevents ovulation
How does the contraceptive pill work?
- It contains artificial versions of oestrogen and progesterone which prevent pregnancy
- Prevents ovulation
- Thickens mucus
- Alters womb lining
How does the contraceptive injection prevent pregnancy?
It releases progesterone into the bloodstream which prevents ovulation
State 2 surgical methods of contraception
- Vasectomy
- Female sterilisation
How does a vasectomy work to prevent pregnancy?
The vas deferens are cut or tied which prevents sperm from being released from the testicles into the urethra
How does female sterilisation work?
- The fallopian tubes are blocked by clips or rings or they are cut
- This prevents the release of an egg from the ovaries
Describe artificial insemination (AI)
Sperm are placed within a woman’s uterus using a catheter
Describe how IVF is carried out
- The mother is given FSH
- Sperm from the father and eggs from the mother are collected
- The egg is fertilised in a laboratory and allowed to develop into an embryo
- The embryo is then put into the mother’s uterus
Define sexually transmitted infection (STI)
An infection caused by a pathogen that is transmitted through bodily fluids, usually involving sexual contact
Give an example of an STI
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
State 3 ways of preventing the spread of STIs
- Wearing condoms during sex
- Educating people about STIs and wearing protection during sex
- Don’t share needles
How is HIV spread?
Through bodily fluids
What can HIV infection lead to?
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome)
How does HIV affect the immune system?
- Decreased lymphocyte numbers
- White blood cells have a reduced ability to produce antibodies
Disadvantages of Artificial Insemination
- Some people have religous or moral objections against it
- The Child can never know his or her father and there may be legal problems about the legitimacy of the child in some countries
