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Pathology Units 12-14 > Unit 14 > Flashcards

Unit 14 Flashcards

2
Q

Ovaries secrete

A

estrogen & progesteroneproduce ova

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3
Q

Fallopian tubes

A

carry ova toward uterus

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4
Q

Uterus

A

pear shaped muscular structure-site of implantation of fertilized ovum and development of fetus-cervix, lower part of uterus-layers: endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium

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5
Q

Vagina

A

receives penis during intercourse

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6
Q

Mammary glands

A

produce milk during lactation

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7
Q

Female Reproductive Anatomy Supporting structures

A

Ligaments

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8
Q

Uterus - Acute Endometritis

A

Inflammation of the uterusAcute - younger womenCaused by:-mechanical injury (trauma)-abortion attempt-retained placental infection (rare)-neoplasm

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9
Q

Uterus - Chronic Endometritis

A

Inflammation of the uterusChronic - older women, menopausalCaused by:-scar tissue-endometriosis-neoplasmsSymptoms of both-bleeding, discharge, pelvic pain

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10
Q

Uterus - Endometriosis

A

abnormal growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, e.g., cervix, ovaries intestines (lungs, liver, lymph nodes)-cause unknown, can be hereditary -use of tampons is discouraged-can result in obstruction, bleeding (in other parts of the body as well)

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11
Q

Uterus - Endocervicitis

A

Inflammation of the cervix (neck of uterus)cervix lined by mucus membrane (not muscle)Caused by:-infections, most commonly STD such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, genital herpes-trauma during childbirth (tears)-abortion attempt-neoplasms

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12
Q

Uterus - Endocervical Cysts

A

Formation of fluid filled cysts on ling of the cervix-due to fluid retention-can be precancerous

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13
Q

Uterus - Benign Neoplasms

A

Fibromas / Fibroids (lumps in uterus)Probably caused by estrogenOften appear in multiples, vary in sizeregress or calcify after menopauseSymptoms:-abnormal bleeding, excessive menstrual bleeding, pain, abnormal sensation

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14
Q

Benign Neoplasm - Leiomyoma

A

Benign Neoplasm of the myometrium of the uterus-in a third to half of all women over age 35-grow larger under influence of estrogen and oral contraceptives-probably genetic, more common in African American women

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15
Q

Malignant Neoplasms - Leiomyosarcoma

A

uterine cancer (smooth muscle)-10% of all cancers-occurs mostly in women age 50 to 70 or women who have not had any children

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16
Q

Cervical Cancer

A

Carcinoma of the uterine cervix-5th leading cause of deathCaused by-HPV (#1)-having multiple sexual partners-beginning sexual intercourse at early ageCommon symptom or uterine bleeding

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17
Q

Uterine Bleeding - Precocious Bleeding

A

bleeding before pubertycaused by trauma, injury, infection

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18
Q

Uterine Bleeding - Menorrhagic Bleeding

A

-excess bleeding during menstruation-could be physiologic (onset of puberty) or menopausalCaused by-neoplasm, infection, retained placenta, endometriosis, medication, portal cirrhosis

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19
Q

Uterine Bleeding - Metrorrhagic Bleeding

A

bleeding between periodsCaused by-neoplasms (especially in woman 40+)-infection-endometriosis-stress-medications

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20
Q

Uterine Bleeding - Post Menopausal Bleeding

A

bleeding after menopause#1 cause is neoplasms, polyps, endometriosis, infections, trauma

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21
Q

Endometrial Hyperplasia

A

Overgrowth of endometrial glandular epithelium -> can lead to endometrial adenocarcinomia-can cause menorrhagia or metrorrhagia

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22
Q

Salpingitis - Causes

A

Inflammation of fallopian tubesCaused by-STD infection #1 cause (gonorrhea, chlamydia); Staphylococcus-Scar tissue from prior infections-abortion attempt-lithopedion

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23
Q

Salpingitis - Symptoms and Complications

A

Symptoms-pelvic pain or discomfort, most common during ovulation-possible bleedingComplications:-Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)-Damage to tubes -> scar tissue -> tubal pregnancy -> tubal ovarian abscess -> rupture-Hydrosalpinx, fluid collecting in tubes-pyosalpinx; pus collecting in tube-sterility

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24
Q

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

A

inflammation of all or some of the reproductive organs (cervicitis, endometritis, salpingitis, oophoritis)-usually due to vaginal bacterial infection introduced during childbirth, miscarriage, abortion, STDs (gonorrhea or chlamydia)Symptoms-fever, chills, pain-leukorrhea (white, foul-smelling vaginal discharge)

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25
Q

Oophoritis

A

Inflammation of ovariesCaused by-infection from salpingitis, STDs, ovarian tube abscess, pus from fallopian tube to ovaries-cyst in ovary: “follicle retention cyst” (containing clear fluid)-scar tissue-ovarian cancer, usually “cyst adenocarcinoma” (malignant; often bilateral with very low survival rate,spreading quickly)

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26
Q

Ovaries - Teratoma

A

Tumor that contains tissues not normally found in the organ from which it arises-cystic teratomas contain skin & hair (dermatoid cyst)-benign-most often in right ovary-may cause infertility & lead to cancer

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27
Q

Vaginitis - cause and symptoms

A

Inflammation of vaginaCaused by-bacteria (gardnerella), Candida yeast, protozoa (trichomonas)-mechanical injury, chemical irritants (soaps, detergents), retained bloodSymptoms-discharge, discomfort, irritation

28
Q

Vaginitis - Benign neoplasms

A

Polyps, fibroids, papillomas (warts)

29
Q

Vaginitis - Malignant neoplasm

A

Very Rare Squamous cell Carcinoma-in young girls whose mother used a synthetic hormone (DES) during pregnancy

30
Q

Pathology of pregnancy

A

conditions affecting the mother during, or as a result of pregnancy

31
Q

Ectopic Pregnancy

A

Fetus develops outside of uterusTubal - pregnancy in fallopian tubesCervical - pregnancy in lower uterus or cervixAbdominal - pregnancy on the abdominal wall (due to ruptured fallopian tube)

32
Q

Preeclampsia - Symptoms

A

Pregnancy induced hypertension; (aka toxemia - misleading, no toxin is present)Characterized by:-proteinuria (albuminuria); proteins in urine-fluid accumulation (sudden weight gain) -> hypertension -> edema (in face, hands, feet), headaches -> kidney failure-if neglected -> eclampsia (symptoms of preeclampsia + convulsions)

33
Q

Preeclampsia - Causes

A

-usually appear in third trimesterCauses unknown; possibly due to-placenta malfunction-poor prenatal care & nutrition-obesity, diabetes-Primigravid (first pregnancy) - females younger than 20 & older than 30-Multiparity , multiple birth (more than 5)

34
Q

Mastitis

A

Inflammation of breast tissueusually occurs in the nippleCaused by:-injury, infections such as staph which can enter the nipple after injury (during breast feeding)-neoplasms; breast tissues (nipples) become red, dry, flaky, swollen, irritated

35
Q

Fibrocystic disease of breast tissue

A

formation of recurring cysts in breast tissue-may calcify, form scars, or lump in breast tissue-can be disfiguring-probably hereditary & can be pre-cancerous

36
Q

Adenomas -vs- Carcinoma (breast tissue)

A

Adenomas - benign breast lumps mixture of fat, grandular elements & stromaCarcinoma - malignant breast cancerPredisposing factors:-hereditary-estrogen levels-viruses-radiationSymptoms-lumps in breasts, below or above nipple-abnormal discharge or bleeding from the nipple-if not treated early -> metastases from axillary lymph nodes into brain, bone, liver

37
Q

Paget’s disease

A

Cancer of nipple-redness, irritation around the nipple-discharge, bleeding-Nipple recesses (sinks in)

38
Q

Testis Function

A

production of sperm and testosterone

39
Q

Testicular Carcinoma

A

malignant neoplasm of the testes-arising from sperm forming tissue-common in males 15 to 54-rare, representing about 1% of cancers affecting menPredisposing factors:-cryptorchidism (cryptorchism)-inguinal hernia

40
Q

Seminoma

A

Most common testicular malignancy-metastasize slowly-men in their 30s and 40s-spread to lymph nodesSymptoms-bleeding & swelling of testes -> infertility40% of testicular cancers are seminomas

41
Q

Orchitis

A

Inflammation of one or both the testesCaused by:-trauma; mechanical or athletic injury-infections (bacterial or viral); mumps, gonorrhea, herpes, last stage TB-rarely; syphilis, testicular cancer-complication of epididymitisSymptoms:-swelling, pain, tenderness, fever

42
Q

Cryptorchism

A

undescended testes (usually one)-common in children-Cause; premature birthComplications-sterility-strangulation-increased risk of testicular cancer

43
Q

Epididymis

A

duct leading from each testes to excretory ductFunction is to store the sperm

44
Q

Epididymitis

A

Inflammation of epididymisCaused by:-prostatitis, UTI, mumps-STD; gonorrhea, herpes virus, chlamydia-trauma

45
Q

Orchitis & Epididymitis - Symptoms and complications for both

A

Symptoms for both-possible bleeding (in sperm)-swelling and severe painComplications of both-scar tissue, blockage, sterility

46
Q

Prostate Gland

A

below the urinary bladder, secrete part of the seminal fluid

47
Q

Prostatitis - Causes

A

inflammation of the prostate glandCaused by-STD; gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes-ascending urinary tract infection, especially following catheterization-prostate hyperplasia-enlarged bladder-prostate cancer

48
Q

Prostatitis - Symptoms

A

Symptoms-dysuria (painful urination)-pyuria (pu in urine)-fever-low back painMore common in men over 50

49
Q

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

A

AKA - benign prostatic hypertrophynoninflammatory enlargement of prostatecommon in men over 50probably caused by hormonal changes associated with aging (testosterone, estrogen)Symptoms-frequent urination, weak urinary stream, urine retention, incontinence, hematuria-pressure on bladder & prostatic urethra

50
Q

Prostatic Carcinoma

A

Adenocarcinoma of the prostate-age 50+, 10% increase per year of age; second cause of deathSymptoms:-difficulty urinating-Oliguria, decreased amount of urination-lower back and pelvic painPredisposed by:-prostatic hyperplasia-or testosterone levels

51
Q

Urethritis

A

inflammation of the urethra-burning upon urination-caused by STDs such as gonorrhea (#1), urinary tract infection, stones

52
Q

Varicocele

A

Varicose Veins-abnormal enlargement of veins of the scrotum

53
Q

Inguinal Hernia

A

Intestine drops down into the scrotum-caused by lifting heavy objects-results in a hydrocele and pain

54
Q

Hydrocele

A

Fluid in the scrotum-tube through which testicles descend from abdomen into the scrotum fails to close allowing fluid to drain from the abdomen -> scrotum becomes swollen (in newborn) ->normally goes away a few months after birth-in older man; may be associated with inguinal hernia, inflammation, injury of the testicles or epididymis, or by fluid or blood blockage within the spermatic cord-results in swelling and pain

55
Q

STIs - Gonorrhea

A

infection by Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria through sexual contact and childbirthother asymptomatic, some have syptoms-discharge from vagina or penis (purulent disease)-inflammation of urethra (burning sensation when urinating)-pelvic inflammatory disease in females-may lead to sterility

56
Q

STIs - Syphilis

A

Infection by Treponema pallidum bacteria through sexual or direct (chancre) contact, or childbirthSymptoms - in late stage may lead to:-skin lesions & penetration of mucous membranes (secondary syphilis)-blindness-brain damage (neurosyphilis) -> mental disorder-spinal cord damage -> neurological problems-serious heart abnormalities -> heart failure-death

57
Q

Secondary Syphilis

A

Condyloma lata of secondary syphilis-infected skin lesions-broad-based cauliflower like epidermal growth

58
Q

STIs - Chlamydia

A

The most common STI in US; infection by Chlamydia trachomatis through sexual contact or childbirthSymptoms are usually mild or absent-can cause discharge from penis or vagina-burning sensation during urinationSerious complications include irreversible damage of female reproductive organs, including infertility

59
Q

STIs - Warts

A

Human papillomavirus (HPV) - one of the most common causes of STI in the worldWarts = Verruca - cellular hypertrophy, affects keratinocytes (skin)Types of warts:GENITAL WARTS - in genital area-increase probability of developing cervical or penile cancerCOMMON WARTS - hands & fingers (children)PLANTAR WARTS - sole of foot

60
Q

Herpes Virus (7 types)

A

causes inflammation of skin & clusters of fluid filled vesiclesHerpes simplex virus (HSV-2 or HSV-1)-treated with acyclovir-cold sores; mouth & virus (HSV-1)-genital herpes; lesions on genital area (HSV-1 or HSV-2)

61
Q

AIDS and transmission

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)HIV infects helper (T-helper) or CD$ T lymphocytes that normally activate B lymphocytes (important in immune response)low CD4 T lymphocyte count (AIDS indicator) transmitted by:-unprotected anal, oral or vaginal intercourse-sharing of hypodermic needles-birth & breastfeeding from infected mother

62
Q

AIDS / HIV - Acute Stage

A

Acute infection (HIV+)-may be misdiagnosed as influenza

63
Q

AIDS / HIV - Asymptomatic Stage

A

Asymptomatic (HIV+)-lower T cell count-lack of energy, weight loss-frequent fever and sweats-may last 10 to 12 years

64
Q

AIDS / HIV - Symptomatic (HIV+)

A

AIDS - fungal infections, hepatitis, pancreatitis, opportunistic infectionsPneumocystis carinii pneumonia (lung infection with protozoan), never been documented as cause of pneumonia in person with normal immunityadvanced stage-seizures, urinary & fecal incontinence, blindness, coma

65
Q

STIs - Trichomoniasis

A

infection by protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis through sexual contactMen are usually asymptomaticSymptoms may include-urethritis, epididymitis, prostatitis-vaginal discharge, pain during intercourse and urination-itching in genital area

Pathology Units 12-14 (3 decks)

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