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Pathology Units 12-14 > Unit 13 > Flashcards

Unit 13 Flashcards

2
Q

Urinary System - Function

A

Remove waste products-from bloodstream (toxic wastes and unused nutrients)-as urine (e.g.,blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, metabolic end products)Regulate fluid and electrolyte balance-acid/base balance, calcium metabolismRegulate blood pressure-body fluids

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3
Q

Urinary System - Structure

A

Kidney:-nephrons: site of urine formation-Glomerulus: site of blood filtering-Calyces & pelvis: collect urine from kidneysUreters–tubules between kidney & urinary bladderUrinary bladder-muscular storing urineUrethra-tube between urinary bladder & external opening; longer in males

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4
Q

Normal urine output

A

1 to 1.5 liters a day

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5
Q

Oliguria

A

decrease in urine output, same frequency, less than 0.4L/day-due to infections, scar tissue, stones, neoplasms

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6
Q

Anuria

A

No urine output-due to renal failure, neoplasm, paralysis

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7
Q

Polyuria

A

Increase in urine output, +2.5L/day-due to infection, high blood pressure, alcohol, diabetes, hyposecretion of ADH

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8
Q

Hematuria

A

Blood (red blood cells) in urine-due to stones, infection, neoplasms, poisoning

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9
Q

Hemoglobinuria

A

hemoglobin in urine-due to poisons, increase destruction anemia

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10
Q

Glycosuria

A

Sugar in urine, (absent in normal urine)-due to diabetes

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11
Q

Ketonuria

A

Ketones (from burning fat) in urine, (absent in normal urine)-due to diabetes, starvation

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12
Q

Pyuria (pyoturia)

A

pus in urine-due to infection, renal stones, polycystic kidney

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13
Q

Uremia

A

urine present in blood-renal insufficiency

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14
Q

Horseshoe kidney

A

-Congenital Malformation-Fusion of two kidneys at one pole-due to abnormal embryogenesis-most common anomaly (1 in 500)-usually asymptomatic-higher risk of kidney disease

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15
Q

Polycystic Kidney Disease

A

-Congenital Malformation-inherited (genetic)-multiple renal cysts covering both kidneys, filled with clear fluid, few millimeters to few centimeters in diameter-cause massive kidney enlargement (x20), 1lb kidney turns into 20lbs-Adult and Childhood

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16
Q

Adult polycystic disease

A

caused by autosomal dominant defectcommon in 10% of patients with chronic renal failure; symptomatic after age 30Complications:-chronic inflammation -> fibrosis -> hematuria, chronic UTI, secondary hypertension -> kidney failure

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17
Q

Childhood polycystic disease

A

-caused by autosomal recessive defect-may appear at birth or after 1 year of age-develops rapidly, 75% of infants dieComplications:-often associated with liver cysts & biliary ductal hyperplasia -> cirrhosis like scars-large kidneys prevent expansion of lungs

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18
Q

Renal Hypoplasia

A

Congenital Malformation-underdevelopment, small kidney (reduced number or smaller nephrons)-clinically symptoms start in infancy with polyuria, polydipsia (excessive thirst) & electrolytes disturbances-renal failure, age of 20

19
Q

Dysplasia

A

Abnormal development of kidneyAKA - multicystic dysplasia of kidney-most common cystic malformation of the kidney in infancypossible causes-genetic factors-mother’s exposure to certain drugs (drugs to treat seizures or blood pressure); cocaine

20
Q

Aplasia

A

Complete failure to form an organ (kidney)

21
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

Inflammation of glomeruli of cortexcaused by:-bacterial (usually strep) or viral infections resulting in formation of antigen-antibody complexesSymptoms:-oliguria, hematuria, back pain, hypertension (systemic effect)Complication-scar tissue & possibly kidney stones

22
Q

Nephrosis - definition

A

Non-inflammatory nephropathy (disease of nephrons; carry urine from cortex toward kidney pelvis)AKA- Nephrotic syndrome = collection of symptomsCharacterized by-swelling of the body (edema)-large amounts of protein in urine-increased blood cholesterol

23
Q

Nephrosis - Causes, symptoms and complications

A

Caused by-glomerulonephritis, diabetes mellitus, lupus erythromatosis, leukemia-infections, such as strp, HIV, hepatitis B or C, cancer-heavy metals (mercury, gold), snake venom, heroinSymptoms-hemturia, oliguria, uremia (urine wastes back up into blood -> mental changes)Complications-necrosis & possible bleeding, kidney failure, scar tissue, stones

24
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

fluid (usually urine) collects in the pelvis & calyces of one or both kidneys as a result of obstruction-due to stones, urethral stricture, prostatic hyperplasia-causes kidney distention & cysts

25
Q

Arteriosclerosis of the renal artery

A

narrowing of renal artery -> obstruction to blood flow -> renal ischemia and infarctionpredisposing factors:- high fat diet, obesity- diabetes mellitus- hypertension

26
Q

Pyelitis

A

inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney, caused by bacterial infection

27
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

inflammation of kidneys caused by bacterial infection-acute or chronic-chronic may lead to kidney failure-may mimic a neoplasm and form a mass like lesion

28
Q

Pyelitis & Pyelonephritis - Causes, symptoms and complications

A

Caused by-kidney stones (#1)-ascending UTI-intestinal bacteria (fecal, E. coli)Symptoms-hematuria, oliguriaComplications-scaringm formation of stones & chronic kidney disease

29
Q

Pyonephrosis

A

infection of the renal collecting system-pus collects in kidney pelvis-usually due to kidney infection or kidney stones-can result in kidney abscess & kidney failure

30
Q

Nephrolithiasis = Renal Calculi

A

calcium deposits in kidney -> form hard kidney stones2 main types:Caused by trauma or bleeding in the kidneys-calcium surrounds blood -> small brown or black stones, jagged edgedCaused by high fat diet-calcium surrounds lipids -> larger, yellow, creamy, smooth stonesComplications-stones -> hematuria, oliguria & frequent urination-spasm and sever muscle pain (back & groin, sometimes upper back & neck)

31
Q

Hypernephroma

A

Renal cell carcinoma-malignant neoplasm in lining of kidney tubules-very destructive, slowly growing-between 50 - 70 years of age, often menRisk factors-smoking-genetics-dialysis treatmentSymptoms-heavy hematuria, pain

32
Q

Metastases of carcinoma to kidneys

A

kidney is NOT a usual site for metastases

33
Q

Ureter - Carcinoma

A

Transitional Cell CarcinomaTransitional epithelium lining the uretersCauses unknownRisk Factors:-using over the counter pain medicines for a long time-exposure to some dyes & chemicals used to make leather goods, textiles, plastics & rubberSymptoms:-hematuria, oligura, dysuria, back pain, extreme tiredness, weight loss

34
Q

Ureter - Ureteritis

A

Inflammation of the uretersCaused by:-ascending infections of the urinary tract-kidney stones pushed in ureters-neoplasmSymptoms:-hematuria, oliguria, uremiaComplication:-scar tissue, stone completely blocking ureter

35
Q

Double Ureters

A

-exiting from each kidney & extending to bladder-partial or complete duplication of one or both ureters occurs in about 1 in 150 persons-obstructive problems due to abnormal flow of urine & entrance of two ureters into the bladder in close proximity

36
Q

Urinary Bladder - Urothelial Carcinoma

A

Transitional cell carcinomaNeoplasm of epithelial tissue in urinary bladderhighly malignantusually in males over 60 years oldRisk factors:-cigarette smoking, chemicals, chronic cystitisSymptoms appear late:-hematuria, dysuria, nocturia

37
Q

Urinary Bladder - Cystitis

A

Inflammation of the urinary bladdermore common in sexually active femalesCaused by:-ascending infections, especially in females-stones from kidneys & ureters that have fallen into the bladder-bladder cancerPredisposing factors:-pregnancy-enlarged prostate-catheters-prior history of stones

38
Q

Urethra - Urethritis

A

Inflammation of the urethraCaused by:-Females; UTI from intestinal or skin bacteria-Males: STDs (gonorrhea), trauma-StonesSymptoms-burning upon urination, discharge during urinationComplications:-scar tissue (rare)

39
Q

Acute Renal Failure

A

Sudden failure of kidneys to perform their functions-usually failure to drop in blood flow to kidneys, (e.g. hemorrhage, embolism, dehydration) or blockage of urine flow

40
Q

Chronic Renal Failure

A

may result from glomerulonephritis, polycystic disease, pyelonephritis, long term substance abuseprogresses to end stage renal disease

41
Q

Uremia

A

toxic condition caused by retention in blood of waste products normally excreted in the urine

Pathology Units 12-14 (3 decks)

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