Unit 13 Treatment of Abnormal Behavior Flashcards
What did reformers Philippe Pinel and Dorothea Dix push for?
More humane treatments and for the construction of mental hospitals.
What where some ways of treating psychological disorders before reform?
Mix of harsh and gentle methods:
- cutting holes into heads, bled or “beat the devil” out of them.
- warm baths, massages and placed them in sunny serene environments.
What are the categories for the type of therapies?
Psychotherapy and biomedical therapy
Define psychotherapy
A trained therapist uses psych. techniques to assist someone seeking to overcome difficulties or achieve personal growth.
Considered “talk therapies”
Define biomedical therapy
Offers medication or other biological treatment
Define eclectic approach
An approach to PSYCHOTTHERAPY that, depending on client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy.
Who is known in the psychoanalytic perspective?
Sigmund Freud, created foundation for treating psych. disorders
Define eclectic approach
Using a blend of psychotherapies
An approach to PSYCHOTTHERAPY that, depending on client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy.
What are psychologies major theories?
Psychodynamic, humanistic, behavioral, and cognitive
Define psychoanalysis
Approach by Freud to get patients to acknowledge repressed of disowned feelings, giving them insight into the origins of their disorder. Therefore aiming to reduce growth impeding inner conflicts.
Freud’s therapeutic techniques. He believed that patient’s free association, resistances, dreams, and transferences– and therapist’s interpretations of them– released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight
What are the goals and techniques of psychoanalysis, and how have they been adapted in psychodynamic therapy?
- Goal is to uncover repressed feelings and use the knowledge to address the problem
- Main technique is free association, where you say anything that comes to mind, therapists analyses this and gives feedback.
Define psychoanalysis
Approach by Freud to get patients to acknowledge repressed of disowned feelings, giving them insight into the origins of their disorder. Therefore aiming to reduce growth impeding inner conflicts.
Freud’s therapeutic techniques. He believed that patient’s free association, resistances, dreams, and transferences– and therapist’s interpretations of them– released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight
Define reisstance
In psychoanalysis, blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden (burdened) material
Define interpretation
In psychoanalysis, the analyst’s (therapists) noting (acknowledging) supposed dream meanings, resistances and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.
Define transferring
In psychoanalysis, projecting
Define transferring
In psychoanalysis, it is projecting emotions from other relationships to your analyst.
Define psychodynamic therapy
Therapy that stems from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight.
Define interpersonal psychotherapy
brief(12-16) sessions, effectively treats depression
Goal is to provide relief in the here and now
Therapists focus on current relationships and how to improve patients relationship skills.
How does humanistic therapy differ from psychoanalytic therapy?
- Increase self-fulfillment by helping them grow in self-awareness and acceptance.
- Promotes growth is the focus of therapy (using client instead of patient terminology)
- Growth is achieved through accountability for one’s feelings and actions
- Conscious thoughts are more important than the unconscious.
- The now and future are more important than past
What are the specific goals and techniques of Rogers’ client-centered approach?
Focuses on person’s conscious self-perception
Therapists refrain from directing client towards insight, engagement is through Acceptance, Genuineness, and Empathy (AGE) so that the client can achieve self-acceptance and understanding on their own.
What is the humanistic perspective?
Emphasizes ppls potential for self-fulfillment (Carl Rogers)
Define active listening
Echoing, restating, and seeking clarification of what a person expresses (verbally or nonverbally) and acknowledges the feelings
(Used in Rogers client-centered therapy )
Define active listening
Echoing, restating, and seeking clarification of what a person expresses (verbally or nonverbally) and acknowledges the feelings
(Used in Rogers client-centered therapy )
What does Roger believe is the most important contribution of a therapist?
To accept and understand the client and provide an unconditional positive regard.
Define unconditional positive regard.
A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believes will help people accept their worst traits and feel valued and whole. (self-awareness and acceptance.)
What are the three Rogerian hints?
- Paraphrase
- Summarize in your own words - Invite clarification
- Ask for examples, etc, encourage the person to say more - Reflect feelings
- “It sounds frustrating” just mirror what you’re sensing from their body language and intensity.
Psychodynamic therapy is…
Influenced by traditional psychoanalysis but briefer, cheaper, and more focused on helping find relief from current symptoms.
How does the basic assumption of behavior therapy differ from those of psychodynamic and humanistic theories?
Behavior therapies are NOT insight therapies. Their goal is to apply learning principles to modify problem behaviors.
Define behavior therapy
Applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
- Behavior techniques view maladaptive symptoms as learned behaviors which can be replaced by constructive behaviors.
Define counterconditioning
Behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.
Define exposure therapies
Expose ppl to what they normally avoid/escape, little by little increasing exposure until thy overcome their fear of the fear response itself.
Define systematic desensitization
Type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state w/ GRADUALLY increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli.
-Commonly used to treat phobias.
What do proponents (advocates) of behavior therapy doubt?
They doubt the healing power of self-awareness.
Example of classical conditioning used to “solve” a maladaptive behavior
Learning theorist Mowrer developed a liquid sensitive pad, when wet it would trigger an alarm and wake up a child. Children learned that relating the bladder relaxation with waking up prevents bed-wetting.
What are two specific counter conditioning techniques?
Exposure therapy and aversive conditioning
What are counterconditioning techniques used for?
Replacing unwanted responses.
What are counterconditioning techniques used for?
Replacing unwanted responses.
What are the different types of exposure therapies?
Systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy.
Define progressive relaxation
Relaxing one muscle group after another, until achieving complete relaxation and comfort.
Define progressive relaxation
Relaxing one muscle group after another, until achieving complete relaxation and comfort.
Define virtual reality exposure therapy
Anxiety treatment that slowly exposes ppl to electronic simulations of their greatest fears
-Helps ppl recreate anxiety arousing situations when real life recreation would be too expensive, difficult, or embarrassing.
What is the goal of systematic desensitization?
Substituting a positive (relaxed) response for a negative (fearful) response to a HARMLESS stimulus.
Define aversive conditioning
Type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state w/ an unwanted behavior.
What is the goal of aversive conditioning
To substitute a negative (aversive) response for a positive response to a HARMFUL stimulus.
What may make aversive conditioning less effective?
Ppls ability to discriminate between the aversive conditioning and other situations.
What may make aversive conditioning less effective?
Ppls ability to discriminate between the aversive conditioning and other situations.
What techniques are used in exposure therapies and aversive conditioning?
Classical conditioning techniques, including EXPOSURE THERAPIES (systematic desensitization/virtual reality exposure therapy) and aversive conditioning, attempt to change behaviors through COUNTERCONDITIONING– evoking news responses to old stimuli that triggered unwanted behaviors.
What is the main premise( basing theory on) of therapy based on operant conditioning principle?
Therapy based on operant conditioning principles uses behavior modification techniques to change unwanted behaviors through positively reinforcing desired behaviors and ignoring or punishing undesirable ones.
How id behavior modification done?
Reinforcing desired behaviors and withholding reinforcement for undesired ones.
Define token economy
Operant conditioning procedure where ppl earn a token ( points) for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats.
What is a key distinction between behavior therapies and cognitive therapies?
Behavior therapies focus on what we do.
Cognitive therapies focus on what we think.
What are the goals and techniques of cognitive therapy and of cognitive-behavior therapy?
To teach ppl how to think more constructively, therefore changing their reaction to situations.
What are the views of its proponents and critics?
Critics question the durability of desired behaviors w/o a reward.
Proponents (supporters) believe that therapists can gradually let individuals become less dependent on materialistic rewards and instead on real-life rewards or intrinsic(inborn) rewards.
Critics question the ethical pov. If it is humane for one person to control another behavior.
Proponents say that it may be requested by patients, also that effective treatment and an improved life balances it out.
Define cognitive therapies
Therapy that teaches people new and more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.
Who it the creator of rational-emotive behavior?
Albert Ellis
Define rational-emotive behavior therapy
(REBT) Confrontational cognitive therapy that strongly challenges ppls illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions.
- Calling out ppl on their illogical/absurd way of thinking which will encourage healthier behaviors.
What is a more gentle approach variation of Ellis REMBT?
Aaron Beck, cognitive therapist, suggested that gentle questions help reveal irrational thinking, and then persuade ppl to be more optimistic.
What is stress inoculation training?
Teaching ppl to restructure their thinking ins stressful situations
Define cognitive-behavioral therapy
CBT a integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (alter way ppl think) and behavior therapy (alter way ppl act.
What are the aims and benefits of group and family therapy?
Benefits:
- Saves time and money
- Offers social lab to explore social behaviors and develop social skills
- Provides relief b/c you’re not alone w/ same problem
- Provides feedback as client changes behavior
Define group therapy
Therapy in groups rather than individually, promotes therapeutic benefits from the interactions
Define family therapy
Therapy that treats family as system. Views individuals unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members.
Summarize psychodynamic therapy
Presumed problem: Unconscious conflicts from childhood experiences
Therapy Aim: Reduce anxiety through self-insight
Technique: Interpret patients’ memories and feelings
Summarize client-centered therapy
Presumed problem: Barriers to self-understanding and self- acceptance
Therapy Aim: Enable growth via unconditional + regard, genuineness, and empathy
Technique: Active listening and reflect clients feelings.
Summarize behavior therapy
Presumed problem: Dysfunctional behaviors
Therapy Aim: Relearn adaptive behaviors; get rid of problem ones
Technique: Classical conditioning (via exposure/aversion therapy) or operant conditioning (token economies)
Summarize cognitive therapy
Presumed problem: -, self0 defeating thinking
Therapy Aim: Promote healthier thinking and self-talk
Technique: Train ppl to dispute - thoughts and attributions
Summarize cognitive-behavioral therapy
Presumed problem: Self-harmful thoughts and behaviors
Therapy Aim: Promote healthier thinking and adaptive behaviors
Technique: Train pl to counter self-harmful thoughts and act out their new ways of thinking.
Summarize group and family therapy
Presumed problem: Stressful relationships
Therapy Aim: Heal relationships
Technique: Develop understanding of family and other social systems, explore roles, and improve communication.
Does psychotherapy work? Who decides?
Those not undergoing therapy often improve, but those undergoing therapy are more likely to improve faster and w/ less risk of relapse.
Why aren’t clinicians pov enough to justify psychotherapy effectiveness?
One client may leave happy, relapse, but attend a different therapist.
Define regression toward the mean
Tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back toward their average.
Who first challenged the effectiveness of psychotherapy?
Psychologist Hans Eysenck
What did Eysenck say regarding effectiveness of psychotherapy?
2/3 of Those who are treated for nonpsychotic disorders improved
but he also said that
2/3 of those untreated improved remarkably as well
Time heals is an important idea here
Define meta-analysis
Bottom line results of lots of studies
What have behavioral conditioning therapies been most useful for?
Bed-wetting, phobias, compulsions, marital problems, and sexual dysfunctions.
Psychodynamic therapy has helped treat…
depression/ anxiety
Cognitive and cognitive-behavioral have proven to be effective with…
coping w/ anxiety, PTSD, and depression
Therapy is more effective when….
The problem is specific
No one type of therapy is superior to all others
Define evidence-based practice
Clinical decision making that combine the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics/preferences
Define eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)
A therapy where people recall something that gives them anxiety, a therapist will then wave something to keep their eyes moving causing them to tell the story while distracts/comforted by this making it easier (desensitization) and then they change their pov on things (reprocessing)
Define eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)
A therapy where people recall something that gives them anxiety, a therapist will then wave something to keep their eyes moving causing them to tell the story while distracts/comforted by this making it easier (desensitization) and then they change their pov on things (reprocessing)
Does light therapy work?
Yes, light therapy is as effective and antidepressants.
Works for those w/ seasonal pattern of major depression disorder by activating a brain region that influences arousal and hormones.
What 3 elements are shared by all forms of psychotherapy?
Hope for demoralized people
A new perspective
An empathetic, trusting, caring relationship
Define therapeutic alliance
A bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist/client, who work together constructively to overcome the client’s problem.
You can improve with or w/p therapy- T or F
True, but those who undergo therapy improve more/faster than those who don’t
How do culture, gender, and values influence the therapist-client relationship?
Culture: Difference relating to Collectivist v. individualism cultural ideas can account for a lack of therapist-client relationship
Religion- Sharing religion will benefit the relationship more.
