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chemistry > unit 13 - organic chemistry > Flashcards

unit 13 - organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

hydrocarbons

A
  • called hydrocarbons because they are ONLY made of hydrogen and carbon atoms
  • each series is called a homologous series
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2
Q

why is each series of hydrocarbons called a homologous series?

A
  • because all the molecules in a series share the same general formula
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3
Q

properties of organic compounds: melting and boiling point

A
  • contain carbon and covalently bonded
  • low melting point and boiling point
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4
Q

properties of organic compounds: reacting time

A
  • slow reacting bc they are large and don’t dissociate
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5
Q

properties of organic compounds: molecule type

A
  • mostly nonpolar molecules (symmetrical)
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6
Q

properties of organic compounds: solubility

A
  • usually not soluble in water (polar)
  • “like dissolves like”
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7
Q

properties of organic compounds: electrolytes?

A
  • most are non-electrolytes (poor conductors)
  • ** except for organic acid **
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8
Q

homologous series #1: alkanes

A
  • straight chain with ONLY single bonds (saturated) between the carbons
  • formula name: ends in -ane
  • general formula: C(n)H(2n+2) where
    n=whole number
  • ex: n=10
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9
Q

meth-

A

1 carbon

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10
Q

eth-

A

2 carbons

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11
Q

prop-

A

3 carbons

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12
Q

but-

A

4 carbons

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13
Q

pent-

A

five carbons

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14
Q

hex-

A

6 carbons

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15
Q

hept-

A

7 carbons

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16
Q

oct-

A

8 carbons

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17
Q

non-

A

9 carbons

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18
Q

dec-

A

10 carbons

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19
Q

how many electrons does a carbon atom need to complete its valence shell

A

4 electrons
- need to see 4 lines (bonds) around each carbon

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20
Q

how many more electrons does a hydrogen atom need to complete its valence shell?

A

1

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21
Q

methane molecular formula

A

CH4

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22
Q

ethane molecular formula

A

C2H6

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23
Q

propane molecular formula

A

C3H8

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24
Q

butane molecular formula

A

C4H10

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25
Q

pentane molecular formula

A

C5H12

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26
Q

hexane molecular formula

A

C6H14

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27
Q

heptane molecular formula

A

C7H16

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28
Q

octane molecular formula

A

C8H18

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29
Q

nonane molecular formula

A

C9H20

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30
Q

decane molecular formula

A

C10H22

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31
Q

side chains

A
  • Hydrocarbons that have 1 less Hydrogen than the formula call for
  • methyl, ethyl, propyl
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32
Q

methyl group

A
  • CH3
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33
Q

ethyl group

A
  • C2H5
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34
Q

propyl group

A
  • C3H7
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35
Q

naming side chains: number of side chains

A
  • first 4 prefixes that exist
  • mono (not used)
  • di: 2 of a group
  • tri: 3 of a group
  • tetra: 4 of a group
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36
Q

steps to naming alkanes with side chains

A
  1. find the # of carbon in the longest chain
  2. name this chain with the prefix & -ane
  3. name any side chains
  4. number side chains to give the lowest # carbon
  5. list the side chains alphabetically before longest chain name
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37
Q

homologous series #2: alkenes

A
  • hydrocarbons that contain DOUBLE BONDS (btw two carbons)
  • unsaturated
  • general formula: C(n)H(2n)
  • formula name ends in: -ene
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38
Q

methene

A

CH2

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39
Q

ethene

A

C2H4

40
Q

propene

A

C3H6

41
Q

butene

A

C4H8

42
Q

pentene

A

C5H10

43
Q

naming alkenes: position of “=”

A
  • need a # to tell you the position of C=C
44
Q

homologous series #3: alkynes

A
  • hydrocarbons with a TRIPLE bond
  • unsaturated
  • general formula: C(n)H(2n-2)
  • “yne”
45
Q

ethyne

A
  • C2H2
46
Q

propyne

A

C3H4

47
Q

butyne

A

C4H6

48
Q

pentyne

A

C5H8

49
Q

functional groups

A
  • have other elements, not just C & H like hydrocarbons
  • If the name of a functional group has a number, the functional group can move; if not the group is always on the end
50
Q

halides general formula

A
  • have the general formula “R-X”
  • Where R is a long chain of carbons and the “X” stands for a Halogen (Group 17: F,I,Br,Cl) Fluoro, Iodo, Bromo, & Chloro
  • Halides are names like Alkanes but a Halogen replaces a Hydrogen atom

ex:
- 2-Di (ex. 2,3 DiChloro)
- 3-Tri (ex. 2,2,3 TriBromo)

51
Q

halogens bonding rules

A
  • halogens are in group 17
  • have 7 valence electrons and only need one more
  • halogens ONLY need one bond between them and another atom
52
Q

halides

A
  • think of them as a methyl or an ethyl group
  • use specific words (fluoro, iodo, etc)
  • the halides replace a hydrogen
  • just like the side chains, make sure that the halides get the lowest number possible
53
Q

halide names: F

A

fluoro

54
Q

halide names: Cl

A

chloro

55
Q

halide names: I

A

iodo

56
Q

halide names: Br

A

bromo

57
Q

aldehydes (-CHO)

A
  • known for distinctive fragrances, solvents
  • named like alkane, drop “e” and add “al”
    ex: pentane -> pentanal
    ** name NEVER gets a # bc the group is always on the end of a molecule
  • they are named by the number of carbons in the chain
58
Q

aldehydes bonding rules: O

A
  • O is in group 16, it has 6 valence electrons and needs two more
  • Oxygen must have two bonds around it like in C=O
59
Q

aldehydes: methanal

A
  • formaldehyde
  • disinfectant
60
Q

ketones (-COC-)

A
  • energy source derived from fatty acids when body is low on glucose; solvents
  • named like alkane, drop “e” and add “one”
  • names of ketones MUST get a number bc group is moveable
  • ***remember C=O must be around 2 carbons, so it can not be on carbon #1
61
Q

ketone naming example

A

ex: 2 Butanone or just butanone

ex: 3 Pentanone (# is crucial here)

62
Q

2 Propanone

A

acetone

63
Q

isomers: aldehydes and ketones

A
  • aldehydes and ketones that have the same molecular formula are isomers of each other

ex: Pentanal & 2 Pentanone

64
Q

alcohols (-OH)

A
  • nonelectrolytes
  • used as beverages, solvents, fuels
  • they can have more than 1-OH but not on the same carbon atom
  • name like alkanes, drop the “e” and add “ol”
  • alcohols MUST have #’s bc OH group is moveable
65
Q

drinkable alcohol is…

A

ethanol

66
Q

3 types of alcohols

A
  • categorized by # of OH’s
  • monohydroxy alcohols: 1OH
  • dihydroxy alcohols: 2 OH
    ex: 1, 2 ethanediol
  • trihydroxy alcohols: 3 OH
67
Q

glycerol

A

1, 2, 3 propanetriol
- trihydroxy alcohol

68
Q

monohydroxy alcohols

A
  • alcohols that have 1-OH group:
  • primary, secondary, or tertiary
69
Q

Monohydroxy Alcohols: Primary Alcohol

A
  • alcohol in which the carbon with the “OH” group is attached to only 1 carbon
70
Q

Monohydroxy Alcohols: Secondary Alcohol

A
  • alcohol carbon is bonded to 2 other carbons
71
Q

Monohydroxy Alcohols: Tertiary Alcohol

A
  • alcohol carbon is bonded to three other carbons
  • alcohol has a side chain
72
Q

ethers (-OC)

A
  • used as solvents
  • general formula: R-O-R
  • named by side groups on each side of the oxygen atom

ex: CH3OCH3 -> dimethyl ether

73
Q

alcohols and ethers

A
  • alcohols and ethers with the same molecular formula and different structure are isomers

ex: 2 Butanol and Diethyl Ether

74
Q

organic acids (-COOH)

A
  • used for food preservation bc they inhibit bacterial growth
  • name like an alkane, drop “E” and add “oic acid”
  • name NEVER gets a number because the COOH is always on the end of the molecule
75
Q

esters (-COOC)

A
  • fruit smelling (aromatic), used in perfumes and cosmetics
  • name side chain off the “o”
  • name like alkane, drop the “e” and add the oate
  • named in two pieces; side chain and the other side, nvr gets a number
76
Q

isomers: organic acids and esters

A
  • that have the same molecular formula but diff structures are isomers
  • ex: pentanoic acid and ethyl propanoate
77
Q

-COOH

A

organic acid

78
Q

-CHO

A

aldehydes

79
Q

-COOC

A

esters

80
Q

-COC

A

ketone

81
Q

-OH

A

alcohol

82
Q

-OC

A

ether

83
Q

amines (-NH2)

A
  • derived from ammonia, used in dyes and decongestants
  • name like alkane, drop “e”, and add “amine”
  • one of 2 groups that contain N
  • MUST get a # bc the NH2 group is movable
84
Q

amides (-CONH2)

A
  • used in making paper, crayons, pencils & inks
  • name like alkane, drop “e” and add “amide”
85
Q

combustion

A

Is an organic reaction because it involves the burning of hydrocarbons in the presence of Oxygen to produce Carbon Dioxide and Water

  • Hydrocarbon + O2 → CO2 + H2O
86
Q

addition

A

• The organic version of synthesis
• The break down of a alkene’s (unsaturated) double bond to a single bond and halogen atoms add on where the double bond was

87
Q

fermentation

A

• The process by which bacteria or yeast convert glucose into ethanol (2 carbon alcohol) and carbon dioxide
• 1C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2

88
Q

substitution

A

• Occurs when a hydrogen on an ALKANE is placed by a halogen

89
Q

esterification

A

• The process of making Esters and water from an organic acids and an alcohol by dehydration synthesis
• Org acid + alcohol → Ester + H2O

90
Q

saponification

A

The process of making soap from animal FAT and a strong base. The products are 3 soap molecules and glycerol

91
Q

polymerization

A

• The process of putting together many smaller repeating units (monomers) to make a larger molecule (polymer)

92
Q

natural polymers

A
  • made by living things

• monomers -> polymers

• amino acids -> proteins

• glucose/sugar -> carbs, cellulose (plant cell walls)

93
Q

synthetic polymers

A

• made in a laboratory

  • ex: rayon, nylon, polyethylene, plastics, polyester
94
Q

condensation polymerization

A
  • dehydration synthesis
  • removal of H2O to put monomers together
95
Q

addition polymerization

A
  • alkene, unsaturated
96
Q

isomers

A
  • molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structure
  • isomers will differ in physical properties such as melting point, boiling point, density, solubility, etc

chemistry (11 decks)

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