unit 13 - organic chemistry Flashcards

Question

pentane molecular formula

Answer 1

- Hydrocarbons that have 1 less Hydrogen than the formula call for - methyl, ethyl, propyl

Answer 2

- first 4 prefixes that exist - mono (not used) - di: 2 of a group - tri: 3 of a group - tetra: 4 of a group

Answer 3

1. find the # of carbon in the longest chain 2. name this chain with the prefix & -ane 3. name any side chains 4. number side chains to give the lowest # carbon 5. list the side chains alphabetically before longest chain name

Answer 4

- hydrocarbons that contain DOUBLE BONDS (btw two carbons) - unsaturated - general formula: C(n)H(2n) - formula name ends in: -ene

Answer 5

- need a # to tell you the position of C=C

Answer 6

- hydrocarbons with a TRIPLE bond - unsaturated - general formula: C(n)H(2n-2) - "yne"

Answer 7

- have other elements, not just C & H like hydrocarbons - If the name of a functional group has a number, the functional group can move; if not the group is always on the end

Answer 8

- have the general formula "R-X" - Where R is a long chain of carbons and the “X” stands for a Halogen (Group 17: F,I,Br,Cl) Fluoro, Iodo, Bromo, & Chloro - Halides are names like Alkanes but a Halogen replaces a Hydrogen atom ex: - 2-Di (ex. 2,3 DiChloro) - 3-Tri (ex. 2,2,3 TriBromo)

Answer 9

- halogens are in group 17 - have 7 valence electrons and only need one more - halogens ONLY need one bond between them and another atom

Answer 10

- think of them as a methyl or an ethyl group - use specific words (fluoro, iodo, etc) - the halides replace a hydrogen - just like the side chains, make sure that the halides get the lowest number possible

Answer 11

- known for distinctive fragrances, solvents - named like alkane, drop "e" and add "al" ex: pentane -> pentanal ** name NEVER gets a # bc the group is always on the end of a molecule - they are named by the number of carbons in the chain

Answer 12

- O is in group 16, it has 6 valence electrons and needs two more - Oxygen must have two bonds around it like in C=O

Answer 13

- formaldehyde - disinfectant

Answer 14

- energy source derived from fatty acids when body is low on glucose; solvents - named like alkane, drop "e" and add "one" - names of ketones MUST get a number bc group is moveable - ***remember C=O must be around 2 carbons, so it can not be on carbon #1

Answer 15

ex: 2 Butanone or just butanone ex: 3 Pentanone (# is crucial here)

Answer 16

- aldehydes and ketones that have the same molecular formula are isomers of each other ex: Pentanal & 2 Pentanone

Answer 17

- nonelectrolytes - used as beverages, solvents, fuels - they can have more than 1-OH but not on the same carbon atom - name like alkanes, drop the "e" and add "ol" - alcohols MUST have #'s bc OH group is moveable

Answer 18

- categorized by # of OH's - monohydroxy alcohols: 1OH - dihydroxy alcohols: 2 OH ex: 1, 2 ethanediol - trihydroxy alcohols: 3 OH

Answer 19

1, 2, 3 propanetriol - trihydroxy alcohol

Answer 20

- alcohols that have 1-OH group: - primary, secondary, or tertiary

Answer 21

- alcohol in which the carbon with the "OH" group is attached to only 1 carbon

Answer 22

- alcohol carbon is bonded to 2 other carbons

Answer 23

- alcohol carbon is bonded to three other carbons - alcohol has a side chain

Answer 24

- used as solvents - general formula: R-O-R - named by side groups on each side of the oxygen atom ex: CH3OCH3 -> dimethyl ether

Answer 25

- alcohols and ethers with the same molecular formula and different structure are isomers ex: 2 Butanol and Diethyl Ether

Answer 26

- used for food preservation bc they inhibit bacterial growth - name like an alkane, drop "E" and add "oic acid" - name NEVER gets a number because the COOH is always on the end of the molecule

Answer 27

- fruit smelling (aromatic), used in perfumes and cosmetics - name side chain off the "o" - name like alkane, drop the "e" and add the oate - named in two pieces; side chain and the other side, nvr gets a number

Answer 28

- that have the same molecular formula but diff structures are isomers - ex: pentanoic acid and ethyl propanoate

Answer 29

organic acid

Answer 30

- derived from ammonia, used in dyes and decongestants - name like alkane, drop "e", and add "amine" - one of 2 groups that contain N - MUST get a # bc the NH2 group is movable

Answer 31

- used in making paper, crayons, pencils & inks - name like alkane, drop "e" and add "amide"

Answer 32

Is an organic reaction because it involves the burning of hydrocarbons in the presence of Oxygen to produce Carbon Dioxide and Water - Hydrocarbon + O2 → CO2 + H2O

Answer 33

• The organic version of synthesis • The break down of a alkene’s (unsaturated) double bond to a single bond and halogen atoms add on where the double bond was

Answer 34

• The process by which bacteria or yeast convert glucose into ethanol (2 carbon alcohol) and carbon dioxide • 1C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2

Answer 35

• Occurs when a hydrogen on an ALKANE is placed by a halogen

Answer 36

• The process of making Esters and water from an organic acids and an alcohol by dehydration synthesis • Org acid + alcohol → Ester + H2O

Answer 37

The process of making soap from animal FAT and a strong base. The products are 3 soap molecules and glycerol

Answer 38

• The process of putting together many smaller repeating units (monomers) to make a larger molecule (polymer)

Answer 39

- made by living things • monomers -> polymers • amino acids -> proteins • glucose/sugar -> carbs, cellulose (plant cell walls)

Answer 40

• made in a laboratory - ex: rayon, nylon, polyethylene, plastics, polyester

Answer 41

- dehydration synthesis - removal of H2O to put monomers together

Answer 42

- alkene, unsaturated

Answer 43

- molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structure - isomers will differ in physical properties such as melting point, boiling point, density, solubility, etc