Unit 1.2: Changing Populations and Places Flashcards
Birth rate
Number of live births per 1000 people per year
Death rate
Number of deaths per 1000 people per year
What does the demographic transition model suggest?
DTM suggests that death rates fall before birth rates, and that the total population expands
Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model
- Birth rates and death rates are high and fluctuating
- Population growth fluctuates
- No countries, only some primitive tribes still at this stage
Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model
- Birth rates remain high, but death rate comes down rapidly
- Population growth is rapid
- Afghanistan, Sudan and Libya at this stage
Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model
- Birth rate drops and death rate remains low
- Population growth continues but at smaller rate
- Brazil and Argentina at this stage
Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model
- Birth rates and death rates are low and fluctuating
- Population growth fluctuates
- UK and US at this stage
Stage 5 of the Demographic Transition Model
- Birth rate is lower than death rate
- Population declines
- Japan at this stage
Natural Increase
Differnence between number of births and number of deaths (Birth rate - Death rate)
Natural decrease
Occurs when death rate exceeds the birth rate
Fertility Rate
Average number of children that would be born to a female over their lifetime
Factors that affect fertility rate
- Level of education
- Religion
- Health of the mother
- Economic Prosperity
- The need for children
Life expectancy
The average period that a person may expect to live, usually from birth
Why is there a low declining life expectancy in many sub-Saharan countries?
- Combination of poverty, conflict and AIDS virus
- In the 40 countries with the lowest life expectancy, only two are not in sub-Saharan Africa (Haiti and Afghanistan)
Why life expectancy is often higher for women than men
- In some countries, male retirement age is higher for men than women
- More men take part in physical labour
- Men are more likely to be involved in physical conflict
- More men have “self-destructive” lifestyles
How can you interpret an Age/sex pyramid?
- Wide base = high BR
- Narrowing base = falling BR
- Straight or near vertical sides = low DR
- Concave slops = high DR
- Bulges in slope = high rates of immigration or in-migration
- “Slices” in slope = emigration, out-migration, age-specific, sex-specific deaths
Dependancy ratio
Measures the working population and dependant population:
(Population 0-14) + (population over 65)
——————————————————— x 100
Population 15-64
Why is the dependancy ratio a crude measure?
- Many people stay in school after the age of 15
- Many people work after the age of 64
- However, it is useful for comparing countries or tracking changes over time
The consequences of megacity growth for individuals
- Megacities offer an opportunity for a job, a home, improved standard of living and quality of life
- Does not improve standard of living for some, may result in unemployment or underemployment and poor-quality housing
The consequences of megacity growth for societies
- Large number of people in close proximity make it easier to provide housing and health care
- If too many people, provision of such services is restricted.
- Growth is associated with expansion of the built area, increased traffic congestion, air pollution and declining water quality
Megacity growth - Mumbai (Causes)
- Originally a collection of fishing village situated on seven islands
- Mumbai’s economy was largely based on textiles and imports/exports through the port
- Diversified and includes industries like aerospace, engineering, computers and electronic equipment.
- It is now the financial, commercial and entertainment centre of India
Megacity growth - Mumbai (Consequence)
- Out of the 12 million people in population, 9 million lived in slums
- Gender ratio was 838 females per 1000 males
- Experienced poverty, unemployment and underemployment, limited access to health care and education, poor sanitation and access to electricity.
Conflict-induced displacement
people who are forced to move due to political violence,
(Civil War violence or persecution on the basis of their nationality race, religion political opinion, or social group)
Development-induced displacement
People forced to move as a result of large-scale infrastructure projects
(Dimes motorways airports, urban redevelopment or mining deforestation)
Disaster-induced displacement
Natural disasters, resulting in large numbers of displaced people
(Volcanoes, hurricanes, landslides, environmental change, and human induced disasters such as releases of radiation and chemicals)
Refugee
A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster.
Asylum seekers
A person who has left the country of origin in search of protection in another country
Internally displaced persons (IDPs)
People who are forced to flee their home suddenly in large numbers, but still are within the territory of their own country
Development displacees
A person forced to move as a result of policies and projects to promote development
Smuggled people
People who are moved illegally for profit
Trafficked people
People who are moved by force or fraud for the purpose of exploitation and profit
Forced migration in and from Syria
- Repression of the ruling Assad regime and emergence of ISIS led to the displacement of over 10 million people
- Civil war, people feared they would be killed, captured or forced to live under a harsh Islamic rule
- 4 million IDPs in Syria and 4.5 million Syria refugees in five other countries (Turkey, Lebanon, Iraq, Egypt and Jordan)
Forced migration in Nigeria
- 2014, terrorist group Boko Haram kidnapped schools 276 girls from the village of Chibok in northern Nigeria
- Caused many to flee, 3m+ people internally displaced in Nigeria
- 60% of the region’s farmers were displaced. Less land being farmed and less produced harvested
- Over a third of health care facilities closed down, health care workers have been abducted and killed.
