unit 12 Flashcards
solvent
substance that dissolves a solute
solute
substance that is dissolved in a solvent
solution
mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent
saturated solution
solution containing the maximum concentration of a solute dissolved in the solvent at a specified temperature (solute is at saturation point, no more can dissolve)
residue
solid substsance that remains after evaporation, distillation, filtration, or any similar process
filtrate
liquid or solution that has passed through a filter
why is paper chromatography used?
to separate mixtures of soluble coloured substances, using a suitable solvent
unsaturated ***
dissolved solute is below saturated point, more can dssolve
supersaturated ***
dissolved solute is above saturated point, additional solute gathers at bottom
filtration
technique used to separate insoluble substances from soluble substances/compounds
crystalisation
technique used to separate a soluble solute from its solution
6 steps of distillation *
1) salt water is aqueous
2) heat is added so salt water evaporates to a gas
3) water is at its bp which is 100C
4) this water goes down to the condenser which is cold
5) liquid condenses into a condensate
6) H2O goes into the conical flask and there ends up as the distillate
Distillation
-separates 2 or more liquids with different boiling points
-separates soluble solid from solution
4 ways to separate compounds
-crystallisation
-distillation
-fractional distillation
-filteration
solvent front **
height the solvent reaches on the paper
Rf value
fraction, percentage, decimal, or ratio of how far chemical has moved. The total solvent distance
independant variable
one that changes, x axis
dependant variable
one you measure, y axis
control variable
one that stays the same
test for CO2 ***
If CO2 is present, lime water turns milky
test for ammonia
damp, red litmus paper turns blue
test for hydrogen ***
a lit splint combusts with a squeaky pop
test for oxygen ***
a glowing splint relights
downward delivery *
if gas is more dense than air (heavier), collect this way.
upward delivery *
if gas is less dense than air (lighter), collect this way
sulfur dioxide in water
sulfuric acid
Nitrogen dioxide in water
nitric acid
hydrogen chloride gas in water (soluble)
hydrochloric acid