C14 - Organic Chemistry Flashcards
what is the homologous series of alkanes and alkenes
families of compounds with the same general formula and similar chemical properties
1 carbon atom?
meth-
2 carbon atoms?
eth-
3 carbon atoms?
prop-
4 carbon atoms?
but-
5 carbon atoms?
pent-
6 carbon atoms?
hex-
ending for alkanes?
-ane
ending for alkenes?
-ene
ending for alcohol?
-ol (anol)
general formula for alkanes?
C n
H 2n+2
general formula for alkenes?
C n
H 2n
general formula for alcohols?
C n
H 2n+1
OH
functional group of alkanes?
single bonds only
functional group of alkenes?
carbon carbon double bond
functional group of alcohols?
OH
functional group of amines
NH2
functional group of carboxylic acids
C=O C-OH (COOH)
ending for amines
-amine
ending for carboxylic acids
-anoic acid
which family is saturated?
what are saturated hydrocarbons?
-alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons
-saturated hydrocarbons’ molecules only contain single covalent bonds
properties of alkane?
-generally unreactive
–> except in terms of burning
–> except combustion (oxidisation)
complete combustion of hydrocarbons give?
CO2 + H2O (excess O2)
which family is unsaturated?
what are unsaturated compounds?
-alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons
-unsaturated hydrocarbons’ molecules contain one double covalent bond (have more than single bonds)
how are smaller alkanes, alkenes, hydrogen formed/made?
by cracking long chain alkane molecules
conditions required for cracking?
-suitable catalyst present
–> such as zeolite
-high temperature
–> 500C
test for unsaturated compounds? results?
mix with bromine water
–> alkene decolourises bromine water
–> alkane doesn’t react (alkane remains orangey brown
alkene properties?
-additional reactions with bromine, hydrogen, steam
–> exemplified by ethene
how is ethanol formed?
-fermentation
-reaction between ethene and steam
-catalytic addition of steam to ethene
what is ethanol used as?
-solvent
-fuel
what fossil fuels produce carbon dioxide on combustion?
-coal
-natural gas
-petroleum
main constituent of natural gas?
methane
what is petroleum?
mixture of hydrocarbons
-separation into useful fractions by fractional distillation
use of refinery gases?
-bottled gas
–> for heating and cooking
use of gasoline fraction
fuel / petrol in cars
use of naphtha fraction
feedstock for making chemicals
use of diesel oil / gas oil
in diesel engines
use of bitumen
road surfaces
what are polymers?
long chain molecules formed from small units (monomers)
what is the formation of a poly(ethene) an example of?
addition polymerisation of monomer units
differences between addition and condensation polymerisation
condensation is when monomer units (with different endings) add to 2 products; polymer + small molecule (H2O)
addition is when 1 type of monomer adds to 1 product
alkene + hydrogen –> ?
alkane
alkene + water –> ?
alcohol
alkene + bromine –> ?
dibromoalkane
incomplete alkane combustion –> ?
CO + H2O (limited O2)
alcohols & alkenes complete combustion –> ?
(C + CO + H2O or) H2O + CO2
acid + alcohol –> ?
ester
acid + amine –> ?
amide
7 features of the top of the fractional distillation?
-smallest molecule
-shortest chain length
-smallest molecular mass
-smallest intermolecular force
-easiest to separate molecules from one another (less energy needed)
-lowest melting and boiling point
-least viscous
structure of nylon
(C12 H22 N2 O2)n
complete combustion of alcohols and alkenes give?
water + carbon dioxide
propene + water –> ?
propanol
propene + hydrogen –> ?
propane
propene + bromine –> ?
dibromopropane
what is an organic compound?
contains carbon
what is a fossil fuel?
mix of hydrocarbons that formed from remains of animals and plants
why is petroleum valuable?
almost all transport, most energy production, plastics, cosmetics, medicine are ways petroleum are used
-petroleum is not renewable so it can’t be reused. once used, can’t use again
group of compounds collected during fractional distillation is called?
fraction
what is volatile?
how easily liquid turns to gas
what is viscous?
how easily something flows (thickness)
why is cracking important?
makes best use of petroleum
what is ethanol used as?
solvent and fuel
4 addition reactions of alkenes
-halogenation
-hydration
-hydrogenation
-polymerization
ethene + bromine –> ?
dibromo ethane
polymerization:
vinyl chloride –> ?
polyvinyl chloride
2 ways to make ethanol?
-fermentation
-ethene + steam (water)
what is fermentation?
process where yeast acts on glucose and converts it into alcohol (such as ethanol) and carbon dioxide
3 factors of fermentation
-warm (25-35C)
-enzyme (in yeast to catalyse)
-anaerobic conditions
what does addition of hydrogen require?
Pt / Ni catalyst
where does alkane come from?
crude oil
how is alkane separated?
fractional distillation of petroleum (crude oil)
