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Chemistry > C14 - Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

C14 - Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the homologous series of alkanes and alkenes

A

families of compounds with the same general formula and similar chemical properties

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2
Q

1 carbon atom?

A

meth-

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3
Q

2 carbon atoms?

A

eth-

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4
Q

3 carbon atoms?

A

prop-

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5
Q

4 carbon atoms?

A

but-

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6
Q

5 carbon atoms?

A

pent-

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7
Q

6 carbon atoms?

A

hex-

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8
Q

ending for alkanes?

A

-ane

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9
Q

ending for alkenes?

A

-ene

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10
Q

ending for alcohol?

A

-ol (anol)

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11
Q

general formula for alkanes?

A

C n
H 2n+2

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12
Q

general formula for alkenes?

A

C n
H 2n

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13
Q

general formula for alcohols?

A

C n
H 2n+1
OH

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14
Q

functional group of alkanes?

A

single bonds only

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15
Q

functional group of alkenes?

A

carbon carbon double bond

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16
Q

functional group of alcohols?

A

OH

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17
Q

functional group of amines

A

NH2

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18
Q

functional group of carboxylic acids

A

C=O C-OH (COOH)

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19
Q

ending for amines

A

-amine

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20
Q

ending for carboxylic acids

A

-anoic acid

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21
Q

which family is saturated?
what are saturated hydrocarbons?

A

-alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons
-saturated hydrocarbons’ molecules only contain single covalent bonds

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22
Q

properties of alkane?

A

-generally unreactive
–> except in terms of burning
–> except combustion (oxidisation)

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23
Q

complete combustion of hydrocarbons give?

A

CO2 + H2O (excess O2)

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24
Q

which family is unsaturated?
what are unsaturated compounds?

A

-alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons
-unsaturated hydrocarbons’ molecules contain one double covalent bond (have more than single bonds)

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25
Q

how are smaller alkanes, alkenes, hydrogen formed/made?

A

by cracking long chain alkane molecules

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26
Q

conditions required for cracking?

A

-suitable catalyst present
–> such as zeolite
-high temperature
–> 500C

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27
Q

test for unsaturated compounds? results?

A

mix with bromine water
–> alkene decolourises bromine water
–> alkane doesn’t react (alkane remains orangey brown

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28
Q

alkene properties?

A

-additional reactions with bromine, hydrogen, steam
–> exemplified by ethene

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29
Q

how is ethanol formed?

A

-fermentation
-reaction between ethene and steam
-catalytic addition of steam to ethene

30
Q

what is ethanol used as?

A

-solvent
-fuel

31
Q

what fossil fuels produce carbon dioxide on combustion?

A

-coal
-natural gas
-petroleum

32
Q

main constituent of natural gas?

A

methane

33
Q

what is petroleum?

A

mixture of hydrocarbons
-separation into useful fractions by fractional distillation

34
Q

use of refinery gases?

A

-bottled gas
–> for heating and cooking

35
Q

use of gasoline fraction

A

fuel / petrol in cars

36
Q

use of naphtha fraction

A

feedstock for making chemicals

37
Q

use of diesel oil / gas oil

A

in diesel engines

38
Q

use of bitumen

A

road surfaces

39
Q

what are polymers?

A

long chain molecules formed from small units (monomers)

40
Q

what is the formation of a poly(ethene) an example of?

A

addition polymerisation of monomer units

41
Q

differences between addition and condensation polymerisation

A

condensation is when monomer units (with different endings) add to 2 products; polymer + small molecule (H2O)

addition is when 1 type of monomer adds to 1 product

42
Q

alkene + hydrogen –> ?

A

alkane

43
Q

alkene + water –> ?

A

alcohol

44
Q

alkene + bromine –> ?

A

dibromoalkane

45
Q

incomplete alkane combustion –> ?

A

CO + H2O (limited O2)

46
Q

alcohols & alkenes complete combustion –> ?

A

(C + CO + H2O or) H2O + CO2

47
Q

acid + alcohol –> ?

A

ester

48
Q

acid + amine –> ?

A

amide

49
Q

7 features of the top of the fractional distillation?

A

-smallest molecule
-shortest chain length
-smallest molecular mass
-smallest intermolecular force
-easiest to separate molecules from one another (less energy needed)
-lowest melting and boiling point
-least viscous

50
Q

structure of nylon

A

(C12 H22 N2 O2)n

51
Q

complete combustion of alcohols and alkenes give?

A

water + carbon dioxide

52
Q

propene + water –> ?

A

propanol

53
Q

propene + hydrogen –> ?

A

propane

54
Q

propene + bromine –> ?

A

dibromopropane

55
Q

what is an organic compound?

A

contains carbon

56
Q

what is a fossil fuel?

A

mix of hydrocarbons that formed from remains of animals and plants

57
Q

why is petroleum valuable?

A

almost all transport, most energy production, plastics, cosmetics, medicine are ways petroleum are used
-petroleum is not renewable so it can’t be reused. once used, can’t use again

58
Q

group of compounds collected during fractional distillation is called?

A

fraction

59
Q

what is volatile?

A

how easily liquid turns to gas

60
Q

what is viscous?

A

how easily something flows (thickness)

61
Q

why is cracking important?

A

makes best use of petroleum

62
Q

what is ethanol used as?

A

solvent and fuel

63
Q

4 addition reactions of alkenes

A

-halogenation
-hydration
-hydrogenation
-polymerization

64
Q

ethene + bromine –> ?

A

dibromo ethane

65
Q

polymerization:

vinyl chloride –> ?

A

polyvinyl chloride

66
Q

2 ways to make ethanol?

A

-fermentation
-ethene + steam (water)

67
Q

what is fermentation?

A

process where yeast acts on glucose and converts it into alcohol (such as ethanol) and carbon dioxide

68
Q

3 factors of fermentation

A

-warm (25-35C)
-enzyme (in yeast to catalyse)
-anaerobic conditions

69
Q

what does addition of hydrogen require?

A

Pt / Ni catalyst

70
Q

where does alkane come from?

A

crude oil

71
Q

how is alkane separated?

A

fractional distillation of petroleum (crude oil)

Chemistry (8 decks)

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