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biomed > unit 1.1.x > Flashcards

unit 1.1.x Flashcards

1
Q

Ventral vs dorsal

A

Directional terms; ventral = closer to stomach (anterior in humans) and dorsal = closer to back (posterior in humans)

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2
Q

Axial vs appendicular

A

Regional terms; axial = central part of body (head, trunk [chest, back, neck]) and appendicular = appendages/limbs attached to axis (includes shoulder and pelvis)

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3
Q

Antecubital

A

Regional term; inner crook of elbow

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4
Q

Axillary

A

Regional term; armpit

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5
Q

Calcaneal

A

Regional term; heel

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6
Q

Cephalic

A

Regional term; head

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7
Q

Coxal

A

Regional term; hip/pelvis

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8
Q

Digital

A

Regional term; toes

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9
Q

Inguinal

A

Regional term; groin

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10
Q

Lumbar

A

Regional term; lumbar spine (lowest part of spine, right above the sacrum/pelvis)

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11
Q

Occipital

A

Regional term; occipital lobe (back of head)

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12
Q

Olecranal

A

Regional term; back of elbow

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13
Q

Orbital

A

Regional term; eyeball

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14
Q

Popliteal

A

Regional term; back of knee

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15
Q

Sacral

A

Regional term; sacrum (triangular bone in middle of pelvis)

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16
Q

Tarsal

A

Regional term; tarsus (tarsal bones that make up proximal foot)

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17
Q

Thoracic

A

Regional term; thorax (area between neck and abdomen)

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18
Q

Coronal / frontal plane

A

Divides body vertically into anterior & posterior

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19
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Divides body vertically into unequal right and left portions

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20
Q

Median / mid-sagittal plane

A

Divides body vertically into equal right and left portions

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21
Q

Transverse / axial plane

A

Divides body horizontally into inferior/superior

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22
Q

Ventral body cavity

A

Two parts: thoracic cavity and abdomino-pelvic cavity
Thoracic (chest) cavity: enclosed by ribs and allows lungs to expand
Abdomino-pelvic cavity: consists of abdominal + pelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity (largest cavity): contains digestive organs
Pelvic cavity: contains bladder + internal reproductive organs

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23
Q

Dorsal body cavity

A

Two parts: cranial cavity and vertebral cavity

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24
Q

4 tissue types / functions

A
  1. Nervous - neurons and nerve-supporting cells that receive, interpret & respond to signals
  2. Epithelial - lines outer surfaces of organs, blood vessels, and mouth; absorbs, secretes, and senses
  3. Muscle - striated/skeletal, smooth, or cardiac
  4. Connective - attached to/in between other tissue types (attach muscle to bone and hold organs in place)
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25
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Made of neurons + neuron-supporting cells

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26
Q

Muscle tissue

A

3 types - skeletal/striated, cardiac, smooth/visceral
* Skeletal muscle cells = voluntary control, cells have multiple nuclei
* Cardiac muscle = involuntarily pumps blood and is attached to other muscles through intercalated disks
* Smooth/visceral muscle = involuntary, surrounds hollow organs

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27
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Cells fit closely together; receives no blood supply (avascular); can be simple (1 layer of cells) or stratified (multiple layers)

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28
Q

Connective tissue

A

Forms extracellular matrix (surrounds living cells) and includes bone, cartilage, and adipose tissue

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29
Q

Compact bone

A

Solid, hard bone; outside layer of all bones

30
Q

Spongy bone

A

Porous bone only found in animals with red bone marrow

31
Q

Flat bones

A

Layer of spongy bone between 2 layers of compact bone; has a marrow but lacks marrow cavity

32
Q

Long bones

A

Shaft with 2 ends made of spongy bone; has a marrow and marrow (medullary) cavity

33
Q

Irregular bones

A

Thin layers of spongy bone surrounded by compact bone and don’t fit other categories

34
Q

Short bones

A

Cube-shaped bone that is mostly spongy bone with a compact outer surface

35
Q

Metaphysis

A

The location where the bone flares at the ends (of long bones)

36
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of a long bone - contains medullary cavity and yellow bone marrow

37
Q

Epiphysis

A

Is spongy (trabecular) bone and contains red bone marrow; two ends of a long bone

38
Q

Compact bone

A

AKA cortical bone (surrounds medullary cavity)

39
Q

11 body systems

A

Integumentary, respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine, reproductive, skeletal, muscle, digestive, immune

40
Q

Bones of the skull

A

Parietal bone, frontal bone, occipital bone, mandible, maxilla, temporal bone, zygomatic bone

41
Q

Muscles of the face

A

Orbicularis oculi, orcbicularis oris, temporalis

42
Q

Haversian canals

A
43
Q

Periosteum

A

Thin layer of connective tissue that covers the entire outside of bones (besides at joints, which have articular cartilage)

44
Q

3 types of imaging

A

X-ray - electromagnetic waves to produce 2D, black-and-white view of bones
MRI - radio waves and large magnet to produce 2D, black-and-white view of soft tissue
Ultrasound - sound waves to capture motion like muscles, joints, and organs (typically 2D, black-and-white)

45
Q

Types of epithelial cells

A

Squamos, cuboidal, or columnar

46
Q

Red bone marrow found in

A

Spongy bone

47
Q

Yellow bone marrow found in

A

Medullary cavity of long bones (stores fat in adults)

48
Q

3 sutures in the skull

A

Sagittal suture (between left and right parietal bones)
Lambdoid suture (T shape - separates occipital bone from both parietal bones)
Coronal suture (separates frontal bone from both parietal bones)

49
Q

Haversian canals

A

Small tunnels throughout the bone that surround blood vessels and nerve fibers and communicate w/ osteocytes

50
Q

Canaliculi

A

Allow haversian canals and osteocytes to communicate

51
Q

Osteoblast

A

Bone-forming cell

52
Q

Osteoclast

A

Large, multinucleate cell in areas of bone absorption (so new, healthy bone can be formed)

53
Q

Comminuted

A

Bone broken in at least 2 places

54
Q

Transverse break

A

Bone broken perpendicular to its length

55
Q

Oblique break

A

Bone broken with angled pattern

56
Q

Compound break

A

Break where the skin is pierced by the bone

57
Q

Break where the skin isn’t pierced by bone

A

Simple/closed break

58
Q

Hematoma formation

A

Blood vessels that are ruptured by the bone break form a mass between the bones. Clotting then reduces blood supply to the bone, so some cells die and can be replaced by new cells.

59
Q

Fibrocartilage callus formation

A

New capillaries form through the blood clot, forming a fibrocartilage callus (made of collagen fibers, cartilage, and bone)

60
Q

Bony callus formation

A

The fibrocartilage is replaced by spongy bone; osteoclasts and blasts migrate and multiply in the area

61
Q

Bone remodeling

A

Osteoclasts/blasts shape the bone back to normal

62
Q

Order of bone regrowth

A

1) Hematoma formation
2) FIbrocartilage callus formation
3) Bony callus formation
4) Bone remodeling

63
Q

External fixation

A

Metal pins are temporarily drilled into bones (typically in emergencies, then later treated by internal fixation)

64
Q

Fracture plating

A

Typically used in bones with multiple breaks; allows them to heal faster

65
Q

Intramedullary nailing

A

Long nail inserted into marrow of long bones if it won’t damage surrounding cartilage

66
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A

Origin: between mandible and maxilla
Insertion: eyelids
Action: closes eyes/helps pump tears

67
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

Origin: maxilla
Insertion: upper + lower lip tissue
Action: closes lips

68
Q

Tempralis

A

Origin: temporal fossa (side of head)
Insertion: mandible
Action: closes mouth (mandible elevation)

69
Q

Number and types of vertebrae

A

Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacrum - 5 (fused)
Coccyx - 4 (fused)

70
Q

Number and types of ribs

A

True ribs (attached to sternum) - 7
False ribs - 3
Floating ribs (don’t attach to sternum/other ribs) - 2

71
Q
A

biomed (2 decks)

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