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Physiology > Unit 11- The Blood > Flashcards

Unit 11- The Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage does the blood take up in the body?

A

8%

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2
Q

What cellular elements make up the blood?

A

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Platlets

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3
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

Erythrocytes (packed blood volume) compared to the rest of the blood volume
–>Separated by centrifuge

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4
Q

What are the percentages of hematocrit in men and women?

A

Men: 45%
Women: 42%

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5
Q

Components of Plasma:

A

90% water

-contain inorganic/ organic molecules such as Na+ and Cl-, HCO3-, K+, Ca2+, glucose, amino acids, O2, CO2 and hormones

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6
Q

What are the 3 main types of plasma proteins?

A

-Albumins, globulins and fibrinogen

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7
Q

What are Albumins?

A
  • Buffers the blood
  • Help maintain osmotic pressure
  • Provide energy
  • Attach and carry substances through the plasma*
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8
Q

What are Globulins?

A

There are 3 subclasses: alpha, beta and gamma globulins

-Bind very specific molecules and transport them in the plasma, including cholesterol, iron and thyroxin

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9
Q

What are gamma- globulins?

A

Immunoglobulins used in the immune system

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10
Q

What is Fibrinogen?

A

-Key factor in blood clotting (blood coagulation)

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11
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

Found only in RBC’s

  • Contain a globular portion, a protein made up of 4 polypeptide chains, and 4 iron rings containing heme groups, and each one is bound to a polypeptide.
  • Each iron group can bind O2!
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12
Q

How many oxygen’s can 1 heme carry?

A

4 O2 molecules/ heme

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13
Q

Additional molecules hemoglobin can bind?

A
  • CO2- from tissue cells to the lungs
  • CO (higher affinity than O2) - poisoning
  • H+ or carbonic acid- generated from CO2
  • NO, which ensures O2 rich blood can circulate.
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14
Q

How many hemoglobin molecules does 1 RBC carry?

A

Over 250 million hemoglobins!

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15
Q

True or False:

RBC’s contain a nuclei, organelles and ribosomes.

A

False

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16
Q

How often are RBC’s replaced?

A

Every 120 days

*Meet their demise in the spleen, where they are unable to pass through tight-knit capillary beds

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17
Q

Where are RBC’s replaced?

A

Because they can’t undergo mitosis, they are replaced in the bone marrow.

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18
Q

What is Erythropedis?

A

The process of generating new RBC’s at the pass of demolition of old ones.

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19
Q

What is Red Bone Marrow?

A

–>Capable of blood cell production.

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20
Q

What is Fatty Yellow Bone Marrow?

A

-Incapable of erythropedis

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21
Q

What are Pluripotent Stem Cells?

A

-Reside in red bone marrow, and continuously divide to give rise to new blood cells.

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22
Q

When their is a reduced O2 delivery to the kidneys, what do they secrete?

A

The kidneys release Erythropoietin (EPO) into the blood, which stimulates erythropoiesis in the bone marrow.
–>Increases RBC count and O2 carrying ability.

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23
Q

What type of erythrocyte is released into the tissues to relieve extremely high RBC needs?

A

Immature erythrocytes called reticulocytes

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24
Q

What is nutritional anemia?

A

-Dietary deficiency of a factor needed for erythropoiesis

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25
What is Pernicious anemia?
-An inability to absorb vitamin B12, which is essential for RBC production.
26
What is Aplastic anemia?
-Failure of the bone marrow to produce RBC's even though ingredients for erythorpoiesis is there.
27
What is Renal anemia?
- May result from kidney disease | - ->EPO deficiency!
28
What is Hemorrhagic anemia?
-Caused by a large loss of blood
29
What is Hemolytic anemia?
Caused by the rupture of several circulating RBC's
30
What is anemia?
- ->Low hematocrit | - Below normal O2-carrying capability of the blood
31
What is Sickle-Cell Anemia?
- Hereditary abnormality of RBC's that make these cells very fragile (crescent shaped) - ->They clump together and block blood flow - Immune to malaria
32
What is Polycythemia?
-Too many circulating RBC's and an elevated hematocrit.
33
What is primary polycythemia?
- Tumour-like condition of the bone marrow in which erythropoiesis proceeds at an excess, uncontrolled rate. - Leads to an increase in blood viscosity, which actually may reduce O2 delivery.
34
What is secondary polycythemia?
-An appropriate erythropoietin-induced adaptive mechanism to improve the blood O2 carrying capacity in response to prolonged reduction in O2 to the tissues.
35
What is relative polycythemia?
-A normal number of erythrocytes in a smaller than normal volume of plasma.
36
True or False- Leukocytes lack hemoglobin
True.
37
What are the 5 different types of leukocytes?
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Monocytes and Lymphocytes
38
Polymorphonuclear Granulocytes?
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils | *many different shaped nucleus and granule containing cells
39
Mononuclear Agranulocytes?
Monocytes and Lymphocytes | -Single nucleus and lack granules
40
Life span on Leukocytes?
-Hours-days
41
Where do Leukocytes originate?
- Stem cells of the bone marrow | - Give rise to RBC's and Platlets
42
Which is the least numbered cell in the blood?
Leukocytes
43
What are Neutrophils?
- Phagocytic cells - can destroy bacteria both extracellularily by phagocytosis or extracellularily using NETS - ->FIRST DEFENDERS during bacterial invasion
44
What are Eosinophils?
- Phagocytosis of parasitic worms | - Associated with allergics/ parasites
45
What are Basophils?
- Chemotactic Factor production - ->Dispered in connective tissue - synthesize and store histamine and heparin- released during allergic reactions and blood coagulation prevention
46
What is the function of Heparin?
- Prevents blood coagulation | - Removes fat particles
47
What are Monocytes?
Functions include: - Phagocytosis, antigen presentation, cytokine production, cytotoxicity. - Emerge from the bone marrow - ->Mature into macrophages (phagocytic activity)
48
What are Lymphocytes?
B cells- produce antibody against antigen | T cells- directly kill cells
49
What are Platlets?
- Also known as Thromocytes - ->Fragments that shed off of Megakaryocytes * Remain functional for 10 days, and then are removed from circulation by macrophages
50
Which hormone stimulates Megakaryoctyes to produce more platlets?
Thrombopoitein
51
What organ stores platlets?
The spleen
52
True or False: | Platlets lack a nuclei, but do have organelles and cytosolic enzymes for energy energy/ cell survival
True
53
What are the steps of Hemostasis? | **The stopping of hemorrhaging
1. Vascular spasm- smooth muscle contracts spastically to restrict blood flow @ the area 2. Platlet plug formation- Platlets bind collagen, forming a temporary plug to stop bleeding. 3. Blood Coagulation (clotting)
54
How does Clot Formation occur ?
Formation of a clot reinforces the platlet plug, and ensures a tight seal. *The most important step of blood clotting is the conversion of Fibrinogen into Fibrin, catalyzed by Thrombin at the site of injury. -->Clot often appears red due to clogged RBC's
55
What is Blood Coagulation?
-The transformation of blood from liquid to solid gel.
56
How is the fibrin-mesh made stronger?
-Cross link activity of the meshwork, catalyzed by FACTOR XIII, also known as Fibrin Stabilizing Factor
57
How is Thrombin activated?
-Prothrombin is Thrombin's active precursor, which is activated by the clotting cascade. - Factor X converts prothrombin into thrombin, and factor X is stimulted by earlier steps in the cascade. * Occurs until fibrinogen is converted into fibrin.
58
The Clotting Cascade triggered by Intrinsic control?
- ->Precipitates clotting within damaged vessels - Is set off when factor XII (hagemen's factor) is activated by contact with collagen or a foreign substance. * Aggregated platlets secrete PF3, which enhances the clotting cascade.
59
The Clotting Cascade triggered by Extrinsic control?
- Requires contact with tissue factors external to the blood. - Initiates clotting that has escaped into the tissues! - ->When a tissue is damaged, it releases tissue thromboplastin, which activates factor X and eventally activation of thrombin.
60
What occurs during clot contraction?
-Fluid is squeezed from the clot, which shrinks the fibrin mesh and pulls away serum.
61
What do aggregated platlets secrete?
A chemical that helps promote the invasion of fibroblasts (fibre-formers) -->Leave a scar
62
When a clot is no longer needed, what dissolves it?
Plasmin | *Also helps prevent clots from forming incorrectly.
63
What is plasmin's inactive precursor?
Plasminogen
64
What activates Plasmin to break down clots/ fibrin mesh?
Tissue Plasminogen activator (tPA)
65
What is a thrombus?
An abnormal intravascular clot attached to a vessel wall
66
What is an emboli?
A free-floating clot
67
What is Hemophilia?
- A deficiency in one of the factors that initiates the clotting cascade - ->Results in EXCESS BLEEDING
68
What lacking factor often causes Hemophilia?
Factor XIII
69
Thrombocytopenia Purpura?
In a platlet deficient person, diffuse capillary hemorrhaging occurs and is visible, causing small, purple blotches on the skin.

Physiology (12 decks)

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