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Physiology > Unit 11- The Blood > Flashcards

Unit 11- The Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage does the blood take up in the body?

A

8%

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2
Q

What cellular elements make up the blood?

A

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Platlets

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3
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

Erythrocytes (packed blood volume) compared to the rest of the blood volume
–>Separated by centrifuge

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4
Q

What are the percentages of hematocrit in men and women?

A

Men: 45%
Women: 42%

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5
Q

Components of Plasma:

A

90% water

-contain inorganic/ organic molecules such as Na+ and Cl-, HCO3-, K+, Ca2+, glucose, amino acids, O2, CO2 and hormones

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6
Q

What are the 3 main types of plasma proteins?

A

-Albumins, globulins and fibrinogen

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7
Q

What are Albumins?

A
  • Buffers the blood
  • Help maintain osmotic pressure
  • Provide energy
  • Attach and carry substances through the plasma*
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8
Q

What are Globulins?

A

There are 3 subclasses: alpha, beta and gamma globulins

-Bind very specific molecules and transport them in the plasma, including cholesterol, iron and thyroxin

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9
Q

What are gamma- globulins?

A

Immunoglobulins used in the immune system

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10
Q

What is Fibrinogen?

A

-Key factor in blood clotting (blood coagulation)

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11
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

Found only in RBC’s

  • Contain a globular portion, a protein made up of 4 polypeptide chains, and 4 iron rings containing heme groups, and each one is bound to a polypeptide.
  • Each iron group can bind O2!
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12
Q

How many oxygen’s can 1 heme carry?

A

4 O2 molecules/ heme

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13
Q

Additional molecules hemoglobin can bind?

A
  • CO2- from tissue cells to the lungs
  • CO (higher affinity than O2) - poisoning
  • H+ or carbonic acid- generated from CO2
  • NO, which ensures O2 rich blood can circulate.
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14
Q

How many hemoglobin molecules does 1 RBC carry?

A

Over 250 million hemoglobins!

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15
Q

True or False:

RBC’s contain a nuclei, organelles and ribosomes.

A

False

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16
Q

How often are RBC’s replaced?

A

Every 120 days

*Meet their demise in the spleen, where they are unable to pass through tight-knit capillary beds

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17
Q

Where are RBC’s replaced?

A

Because they can’t undergo mitosis, they are replaced in the bone marrow.

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18
Q

What is Erythropedis?

A

The process of generating new RBC’s at the pass of demolition of old ones.

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19
Q

What is Red Bone Marrow?

A

–>Capable of blood cell production.

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20
Q

What is Fatty Yellow Bone Marrow?

A

-Incapable of erythropedis

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21
Q

What are Pluripotent Stem Cells?

A

-Reside in red bone marrow, and continuously divide to give rise to new blood cells.

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22
Q

When their is a reduced O2 delivery to the kidneys, what do they secrete?

A

The kidneys release Erythropoietin (EPO) into the blood, which stimulates erythropoiesis in the bone marrow.
–>Increases RBC count and O2 carrying ability.

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23
Q

What type of erythrocyte is released into the tissues to relieve extremely high RBC needs?

A

Immature erythrocytes called reticulocytes

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24
Q

What is nutritional anemia?

A

-Dietary deficiency of a factor needed for erythropoiesis

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25
Q

What is Pernicious anemia?

A

-An inability to absorb vitamin B12, which is essential for RBC production.

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26
Q

What is Aplastic anemia?

A

-Failure of the bone marrow to produce RBC’s even though ingredients for erythorpoiesis is there.

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27
Q

What is Renal anemia?

A
  • May result from kidney disease

- ->EPO deficiency!

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28
Q

What is Hemorrhagic anemia?

A

-Caused by a large loss of blood

29
Q

What is Hemolytic anemia?

A

Caused by the rupture of several circulating RBC’s

30
Q

What is anemia?

A
  • ->Low hematocrit

- Below normal O2-carrying capability of the blood

31
Q

What is Sickle-Cell Anemia?

A
  • Hereditary abnormality of RBC’s that make these cells very fragile (crescent shaped)
  • ->They clump together and block blood flow
  • Immune to malaria
32
Q

What is Polycythemia?

A

-Too many circulating RBC’s and an elevated hematocrit.

33
Q

What is primary polycythemia?

A
  • Tumour-like condition of the bone marrow in which erythropoiesis proceeds at an excess, uncontrolled rate.
  • Leads to an increase in blood viscosity, which actually may reduce O2 delivery.
34
Q

What is secondary polycythemia?

A

-An appropriate erythropoietin-induced adaptive mechanism to improve the blood O2 carrying capacity in response to prolonged reduction in O2 to the tissues.

35
Q

What is relative polycythemia?

A

-A normal number of erythrocytes in a smaller than normal volume of plasma.

36
Q

True or False- Leukocytes lack hemoglobin

A

True.

37
Q

What are the 5 different types of leukocytes?

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Monocytes and Lymphocytes

38
Q

Polymorphonuclear Granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

*many different shaped nucleus and granule containing cells

39
Q

Mononuclear Agranulocytes?

A

Monocytes and Lymphocytes

-Single nucleus and lack granules

40
Q

Life span on Leukocytes?

A

-Hours-days

41
Q

Where do Leukocytes originate?

A
  • Stem cells of the bone marrow

- Give rise to RBC’s and Platlets

42
Q

Which is the least numbered cell in the blood?

A

Leukocytes

43
Q

What are Neutrophils?

A
  • Phagocytic cells
  • can destroy bacteria both extracellularily by phagocytosis or extracellularily using NETS
  • ->FIRST DEFENDERS during bacterial invasion
44
Q

What are Eosinophils?

A
  • Phagocytosis of parasitic worms

- Associated with allergics/ parasites

45
Q

What are Basophils?

A
  • Chemotactic Factor production
  • ->Dispered in connective tissue
  • synthesize and store histamine and heparin- released during allergic reactions and blood coagulation prevention
46
Q

What is the function of Heparin?

A
  • Prevents blood coagulation

- Removes fat particles

47
Q

What are Monocytes?

A

Functions include:

  • Phagocytosis, antigen presentation, cytokine production, cytotoxicity.
  • Emerge from the bone marrow
  • ->Mature into macrophages (phagocytic activity)
48
Q

What are Lymphocytes?

A

B cells- produce antibody against antigen

T cells- directly kill cells

49
Q

What are Platlets?

A
  • Also known as Thromocytes
  • ->Fragments that shed off of Megakaryocytes
  • Remain functional for 10 days, and then are removed from circulation by macrophages
50
Q

Which hormone stimulates Megakaryoctyes to produce more platlets?

A

Thrombopoitein

51
Q

What organ stores platlets?

A

The spleen

52
Q

True or False:

Platlets lack a nuclei, but do have organelles and cytosolic enzymes for energy energy/ cell survival

A

True

53
Q

What are the steps of Hemostasis?

**The stopping of hemorrhaging

A
  1. Vascular spasm- smooth muscle contracts spastically to restrict blood flow @ the area
  2. Platlet plug formation- Platlets bind collagen, forming a temporary plug to stop bleeding.
  3. Blood Coagulation (clotting)
54
Q

How does Clot Formation occur ?

A

Formation of a clot reinforces the platlet plug, and ensures a tight seal.
*The most important step of blood clotting is the conversion of Fibrinogen into Fibrin, catalyzed by Thrombin at the site of injury.

–>Clot often appears red due to clogged RBC’s

55
Q

What is Blood Coagulation?

A

-The transformation of blood from liquid to solid gel.

56
Q

How is the fibrin-mesh made stronger?

A

-Cross link activity of the meshwork, catalyzed by FACTOR XIII, also known as Fibrin Stabilizing Factor

57
Q

How is Thrombin activated?

A

-Prothrombin is Thrombin’s active precursor, which is activated by the clotting cascade.

  • Factor X converts prothrombin into thrombin, and factor X is stimulted by earlier steps in the cascade.
  • Occurs until fibrinogen is converted into fibrin.
58
Q

The Clotting Cascade triggered by Intrinsic control?

A
  • ->Precipitates clotting within damaged vessels
  • Is set off when factor XII (hagemen’s factor) is activated by contact with collagen or a foreign substance.
  • Aggregated platlets secrete PF3, which enhances the clotting cascade.
59
Q

The Clotting Cascade triggered by Extrinsic control?

A
  • Requires contact with tissue factors external to the blood.
  • Initiates clotting that has escaped into the tissues!
  • ->When a tissue is damaged, it releases tissue thromboplastin, which activates factor X and eventally activation of thrombin.
60
Q

What occurs during clot contraction?

A

-Fluid is squeezed from the clot, which shrinks the fibrin mesh and pulls away serum.

61
Q

What do aggregated platlets secrete?

A

A chemical that helps promote the invasion of fibroblasts (fibre-formers)
–>Leave a scar

62
Q

When a clot is no longer needed, what dissolves it?

A

Plasmin

*Also helps prevent clots from forming incorrectly.

63
Q

What is plasmin’s inactive precursor?

A

Plasminogen

64
Q

What activates Plasmin to break down clots/ fibrin mesh?

A

Tissue Plasminogen activator (tPA)

65
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

An abnormal intravascular clot attached to a vessel wall

66
Q

What is an emboli?

A

A free-floating clot

67
Q

What is Hemophilia?

A
  • A deficiency in one of the factors that initiates the clotting cascade
  • ->Results in EXCESS BLEEDING
68
Q

What lacking factor often causes Hemophilia?

A

Factor XIII

69
Q

Thrombocytopenia Purpura?

A

In a platlet deficient person, diffuse capillary hemorrhaging occurs and is visible, causing small, purple blotches on the skin.

Physiology (12 decks)

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