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Criminology A level > Unit 1.1 > Flashcards

Unit 1.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of White Collar Crime?

A

Non-violent crime committed in a commercial environment for financial gain.

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2
Q

Give 2 White Collar Crimes?

A

Ponzi Scheme

Hacktivist/Cyberattack

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3
Q

Definition of a Ponzi Scheme?

A

A form of fraud where the belief in the success of a non-existent enterprise fostered by the payment of quick returns to first investors from latter investors.

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4
Q

Who are the typical victims of a white-collar crime?(Ponzi Schemes)

A

Companies and wealthy individuals looking to invest

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5
Q

Who are the typical offenders of white collar crime? (Ponzi Schemes)

A

Experienced financiers. Bernie Madoff was able use his past success in business to persuade people to invest.

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6
Q

How well do the public understand white collar crimes? (Ponzi Scheme)

A

Not well. It requires some understanding of finance.

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7
Q

Why are white collar crimes, not always reported? (Ponzi Schemes)

A

No, in the case of Bernie Madoff, investors were getting interest, so they did not see the problem. They trusted him because of his reputation.

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8
Q

Who are the typical victims of a white-collar crime? (Cyberattack)

A

Company or organisation which has moral or political opponents and not good enough cyber security

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9
Q

Who are the typical offenders of white-collar crime? (Cyberattack)

A

Individuals or Political activists (Hacktivists) with IT skills to a high level.

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10
Q

How well do the public understand white collar crimes? (Cyberattack)

A

Not well, it requires technical knowledge

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11
Q

Why are white collar crimes, not always reported? (Cyberattack)

A

Hacktivists may tell the company and make demands. People whose ID is stolen may eventually realize and report it.

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12
Q

Definition of a Moral Crime?

A

An act that goes against society’s norms and its acceptance of rules and behaviors. Often these crimes only affect those who commit it.

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13
Q

Give 2 different types of moral crimes?

A

Possessions of illegal substances is when someone who is found with prohibited substances.

Underage drinking: Is the consumption of alcohol by someone under the age of 18

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14
Q

Who are typical victims of moral crimes?

A

Normally these crimes lack a victim (assuming its consenting adults), due to the act largely affecting the person committing it. E.g Use of recreational drugs.

In certain circumstances however, there can be victims who need support from the law e.g. underage smoking - as this is not done by a consenting adult.

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15
Q

Who are typical offenders of a Moral Crime?

A

This can vary from case to case.

As a drug dealer may be doing it to create an income.

However, certain individuals might be forced into committing crimes, as a result of personal circumstances e.g beggars

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16
Q

How well does the public understand Moral Crimes?

A

Normally, with incidents where the victim and offender have a linked interest it is more secretive and no brought to public attention (Drug Dealing)

Or in other situations such as begging the public more lightly to give money instead of calling the police.

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17
Q

Why are Moral Crimes not always reported?

A
  1. As these crimes are normally victimless and are done by consenting adults, the crimes are reported less as they do not affect people immediately.
  2. Or in certain cases they are unknown due to the nature of the crime e.g drug dealing
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18
Q

What is the definition of a State Crime?

A

Illegal or deviant activities perpetrated by state agencies.

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19
Q

Give 2 examples of State Crimes?

A

Genocide - Mass killing of a minority/ systematic destruction of a community’s culture. e.g Rwanda 1994

Police Brutality: e.g. assaulting peaceful protesters

20
Q

Who are typical victims of State Crimes?

A

The victims are normally those who oppose the state in which the crimes are committed or occupied by another state.

Often these are individuals of different political ideals and ethnic minorities.

21
Q

Who are typical offenders of State Crimes?

A

Typical offenders could include - civil servants, police officers, politicians etc.

22
Q

How well do the public understand State Crimes?

A

Depending on the level of the crime committed, it could be a well-known fact. However, they have no power in certain states to demand justice for it.

On the other hand, the state may use censorship and other practices to keep the knowledge of certain events to a minimum

23
Q

Why are State Crimes not always reported?

A
  1. These crimes cannot always be reported due to the state’s control in that country.
  2. Or may just use censorship and other systems to keep it from being reported.
24
Q

What is the definition of a Technological Crime?

A

A crime in which a computing system is used to commit criminal offences

25
Q

Give an example of a Technological Crime?

A

Ashley Madison:

The ‘Impact Team’ threatened to release 25GB of users’ private information.

26
Q

Who are typical victims of Technological Crimes?

A

Computer users

27
Q

Who are typical offenders of Technological Crimes?

A

Someone who may have good technical skills.

28
Q

How much does the public know about Technological Crimes?

A

Not much, as it often involves specialist understanding and as a result under reported.

29
Q

Why are Technological Crimes not always reported?

A

As the crimes are not understood that well they tend to go undetected for ages.

Lack of understanding within the police force can also be a cause of cybercrimes being under reported as there is a lack of expertise

30
Q

What is the definition of an Individual crime?

A

An individual crime is a crime committed by one offender, who is not part of a larger organized group. E.g car theft

31
Q

Name 3 individual crimes?

A
  • Hate Crimes*
  • Domestic Abuse*
  • Honour Crimes*
32
Q

Define a Hate Crime?

A

Hate Crime includes verbal abuse, intimidation, threats and assault etc toward an individual. (This can be aggravated which would increase sentences).

33
Q

Define Domestic Abuse

A

Domestic Abuse involves the use of violence, abuse or threatening behaviour against a partner, ex-partner or family member. e.g. physical, emotional or financial abuse

34
Q

Define Honour Crime?

A

Involve violence committed to defend the “honour” of a family or community.

35
Q

Who are typical victims of Hate Crimes?

A

Anyone who has any of the protected characteristics could be subject to hate crime.

36
Q

Who are typical victims of Domestic Abuse?

A

Most victims tend to be female and are at a higher risk of them being more violent and physical types of abuse.

37
Q

Who are typical offenders of Hate Crimes?

A

Tend to be people who hold a prejudice against a group which the individual belongs to

38
Q

Who are typical offenders of Domestic Abuse?

A

Many offenders tend to be male, and are normally partners, ex-partners or even family members

39
Q

How well do the public understand Hate Crime?

A

The public’s understanding has improved over the past 10 years; this is also part due to more organizations helping individuals report it and seek help e.g. Tell MAMA (online hate crime).

40
Q

How well do the public understand Domestic Abuse?

A

A few factors lead to lower public knowledge, e.g It takes place hidden away inside homes away from the public.

41
Q

Why are Hate Crimes not always reported?

A

People may find it difficult to report due to the right infrastructure being in place, and the individual could feel scared/worried about the situation and are unable to report it.

42
Q

Why are Domestic Abuse crimes not always reported?

A

No, since most victims are afraid to report the crime, which makes the problem seem less common than it is.

43
Q

Name 2 culture bound crimes?

A

Forced Marriage

FGM

44
Q

Who tend to be victims of Culture Bound Crimes?

A

Most victims tend to be young females, who violate the expectations of their surrounding community/family.

45
Q

Who tend to be typical offenders of Culture Bound Crimes?

A

Typical offenders tend to be the family, extended family of the individual. (Can include members of the community).

46
Q

How well do the public understand Culture Bound Crimes?

A

The public knowledge of this crime is limited due to the secretive nature of the crime.

As well as the cultural difference of these communities being unknown or unfamiliar to the general public.

47
Q

Why are Culture Bound Crimes not always reported?

A

Due to many communities that hear about this, believe it being justified due to their beliefs and the lack of public awareness it is not always reported.

Also, the victim’s tendency to be kept isolated causes less reports of this type of crime.

Criminology A level (18 decks)

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