Unit 11 & 12 Lindsay, Elaina 13 & Rachel 14 Test 4 Flashcards
What are the five main criteria for determining psychological disorders?
a) Is the behaviour considered strange within the person’s own culture?
b) Does the behaviour cause personal distress?
c) Is the behaviour maladaptive?
d) Is the person a danger to self or others?
e) Is the person legally responsible for his or her acts?
What are the five perspectives that attempt to explain the causes of psychological disorders?
1) Biological perspective-symptom of an underlying physical disorder caused by structural or biochemical abnormality in the brain, by genetic inheritance, or by infection.
2) Psychodynamic Perspective-stem from early childhood experiences; unresolved unconscious sexual or agressive conflicts; and/or imbalance among id, ego, and superego
3) Learning Perspective- abnormal thoughts feelings, and behaviours are learned and sustained like any other behaviours, or there is failure to learn appropriate behaviour
4) Cognitive Perspective-faulty and negative thinking can cause psychological disorders
5) Humanistic Perspective-result from blocking of the normal tendency toward self-actualization
What is the definition of DSM-IV-TR?
The Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders- Describes about 300 mental disorders & the symptoms that must be present for diagnosing each disorder.
What is the difference between psychosis and neurosis?
Psychosis-A severe psychological disorder, sometimes requiring hospitalization, in which one typically loses contact with reality, suffers delusions and/or
hallucinations, and has a seriously impaired ability to function in everyday life.
Neurosis-a now obsolete term, for a disorder causing personal distress and some impairment in functioning, but not causing one to lose contact with
reality or to violate important social norms .
Describe anxiety disorders:
Disorders characterized by anxiety and avoidance behaviour EG. Panic Disorder Social Phobia Obsessive-Compulsive disorder PTSD
Describe somatoform disorders:
Disorders in which physical symptoms are present that are psychological in origin rather than due to a medical condition EG. Hypochondriasis Pain Disorder Conversion Disorder
Describe dissociative disorders:
Disorders in which one handles stress or conflict by forgetting important personal information or one's whole identity EG. Dissociative amnesia Dissociative fugue Dissociative identity disorder
Describe schizophrenia & other psychotic disorders:
Disorders characterized by the presence of psychotic symptoms including hallucinations EG. Schizophrenia, disorganized type Schizophrenia, paranoid type Schizophrenia, catatonic type Delusional disorder, jealous type
Describe mood disorders:
Disorders characterized by periods of extreme or prolonged depression or mania, or both
EG.
Major depressive disorder
Bipolar disorder
Describe personality disorders:
Disorders characterized by long-standing, inflexible, maladaptive patterns of behaviour beginning
early in life and causing personal distress or problems in social and occupational functioning
EG.
Antisocial personality disorder
Histrionic personality disorder
Narcissistic personality disorder
Borderline personality disorder
Describe sexual and gender identify substance related disorders?
Disorders in which undesirable behavioural changes result from substance abuse, dependence, or intoxication EG. Alcohol abuse Cocaine abuse Cannabis dependence
Describe disorders usually diagnosed in infancy, childhood & adolescence:
Disorders that include mental disability, learning disorders, communication disorders, pervasive developmental disorders, attention-deficit and disruptive behaviour disorders, tic disorders, and elimination disorders EG. Conduct disorder Autism Tourette syndrome Stuttering
Describe sleep disorders:
Disorders including dyssomnias and parasomnias EG. Primary insomnia Narcolepsy Sleep terror disorder Sleepwalking disorder
Describe eating disorders:
Disorders characterized by severe disturbances in eating behaviour
EG.
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Humanistic Perspective?
A)result from blocking of the normal tendency toward self-actualization
B)faulty and negative thinking can cause psychological disorders
C)stem from early childhood experiences; unresolved unconscious sexual or agressive conflicts; and/or imbalance among id, ego, and superego
D)abnormal thoughts feelings, and behaviours are learned and sustained like any other behaviours, or there is failure to learn appropriate behaviour
A
Cognitive Perspective?
A)result from blocking of the normal tendency toward self-actualization
B)faulty and negative thinking can cause psychological disorders
C)stem from early childhood experiences; unresolved unconscious sexual or agressive conflicts; and/or imbalance among id, ego, and superego
D)abnormal thoughts feelings, and behaviours are learned and sustained like any other behaviours, or there is failure to learn appropriate behaviour
B
Psychodynamic Perspective?
A)result from blocking of the normal tendency toward self-actualization
B)stem from early childhood experiences; unresolved unconscious sexual or agressive conflicts; and/or imbalance among id, ego, and superego
C)faulty and negative thinking can cause psychological disorders
D)abnormal thoughts feelings, and behaviours are learned and sustained like any other behaviours, or there is failure to learn appropriate behaviour
E)Biological perspective-symptom of an underlying physical disorder caused by structural or biochemical abnormality in the brain, by genetic inheritance, or by infection.
B
Biological perspective?
A)result from blocking of the normal tendency toward self-actualization
B)stem from early childhood experiences; unresolved unconscious sexual or agressive conflicts; and/or imbalance among id, ego, and superego
C)faulty and negative thinking can cause psychological disorders
D)abnormal thoughts feelings, and behaviours are learned and sustained like any other behaviours, or there is failure to learn appropriate behaviour
E)symptom of an underlying physical disorder caused by structural or biochemical abnormality in the brain, by genetic inheritance, or by infection.
E
Learning Perspective?
A)result from blocking of the normal tendency toward self-actualization
B)stem from early childhood experiences; unresolved unconscious sexual or agressive conflicts; and/or imbalance among id, ego, and superego
C)faulty and negative thinking can cause psychological disorders
D)abnormal thoughts feelings, and behaviours are learned and sustained like any other behaviours, or there is failure to learn appropriate behaviour
E)symptom of an underlying physical disorder caused by structural or biochemical abnormality in the brain, by genetic inheritance, or by infection.
D
DEFINE PERSONALITY
A person’s unique and stable pattern of characteristics and behaviours is his/her personality.
3 LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS
- Preconscious
- Conscious
- Unconscious
DEFINE Preconscious
It is very much like the present-day concept of long-term memory.
The information that resides here can easily be brought to consciousness.
It contains all the memories, feelings, experiences, and perceptions that we are not consciously thinking about at the moment.
DEFINE CONSCIOUS
It consists of whatever we are aware of at any given moment - a thought, a feeling, a sensation, or a memory.
DEFINE UNCONSCIOUS
The most important of the three levels.
Freud believed it to be the primary motivating force of our behaviour.
It holds memories that once were conscious but were so unpleasant or anxiety-provoking that they were repressed (involuntarily removed from consciousness).
It contains all of the instincts (aggressive and sexual), wishes, and desires that have never been allowed into consciousness.
Freud traced the roots of psychological disorders to impulses and repressed memories found here.
EXPLAIN THE CONCEPT OF PERSONALITY AS PROPOSED BY FREUD
Freud proposed a new conception of personality that contained the following three systems: the ID, the EGO, and the SUPEREGO.
The part of the personality that would make you want to eat, drink and be merry is your: ID
DEFINE DEFENCE MECHANISM
- technique used to defend against anxiety and to maintain self-esteem, but it involves self-deception and the distortion of internal and external reality .
8 TYPES OF DEFENCE MECHANISM
- repression
- projection
- denial
- rationalization
- regression
- reaction formation
- displacement
- sublimation
EXPLAIN WHY FREUD CONSIDERED THE PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES TO BE IMPORTANT IN PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
The sex instinct, Freud said, is the most important factor influencing personality; but it does not just suddenly appear full-blown at puberty. It is present at birth and then develops through a series of psychosexual stages. Each stage centres on a particular erogenous zone, a part of the body that provides pleasurable sensations and around which a conflict arises.
5 PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
ORAL ANAL PHALLIC LATENCY GENITAL
DEFINE ORAL STAGE
ages: birth to 12-18 months
erogenous zone: mouth
conflicts/experiences: weaning
adult traits: excessive optimism, gullibility, dependency, pessimism, passivity, hostility, sarcasm
DEFINE ANAL STAGE
ages: 12-28 months
erogenous zone: anus
conflicts/experiences: toilet training
adult traits: excessive cleanliness, orderliness, stinginess; or messiness, rebelliousness, destructiveness
DEFINE PHALLIC STAGE
ages: 3 to 5-6 years
erogenous zone: genitals
conflicts/experiences: oedipal conflict, sexual curiosity, masturbation
adult traits: flirtatiousness, vanity, promiscuity; or pride, chastity
DEFINE LATENCY STAGE
ages: 5-6 years
erogenous zone: none
conflicts/experiences: period of sexual calm; interest in school, hobbies, play, sports, and same-sex friends
DEFINE GENITAL STAGE
ages: puberty onward
erogenous zone: genitals
conflicts/experiences: revival of sexual interests; establishment of mature sexual relationships
DEFINE TRAIT
stable and consistent personal characteristic that is used to describe or explain personality
DEFINE TRAIT THEORIES
are attempts to explain personality and differences between people in terms of personal characteristics.
DEFINE CARDINAL TRAIT
Allport’s name for a personal quality that is so strong a part of a person’s personality that he or she may become identified with that trait. “so pervasive and so outstanding in a life that…almost every act seems traceable to its influence”
DEFINE CENTRAL TRAIT
Allport’s name for the type of trait you would mention in writing a letter of recommendation. “mention in writing a careful letter of recommendation”
DEFINE SURFACE TRAIT
Cattell’s name for observable qualities of personality, such as those used to describe a friend.
DEFINE SOURCE TRAIT
Cattell’s name for the traits that underlie the surface traits, make up the most basic personality structure, and cause behaviour.
DEFINE THE 5-FACTOR THEORY OF PERSONALITY
the most talked-about theory of personality is the five-factor theory, also known as the “ Big Five “
LIST THE FACTORS IN THE 5-FACTOR THEORY OF PERSONALITY
- Extraversion
- Neuroticism
- Conscientiousness
- Agreeableness
- Openness to Experience
B.F. SINNER’S VIEWS ON PERSONALITY
According to Skinner, the of the following ideas about personality was acceptable: behaviour is caused by forces outside the person and based upon past rewards and punishments.
He simply described the variables in the environment that shape an individual’s observable behaviour.
EXPLAIN ALBERT BANDURA’S VIEW ON PERSONALITY
concept that personal/cognitive factors, our behaviour, and the external environment all influence and are influenced by each other.
One of the personal/cognitive factors Bandura considers especially important is self-efficacy.
DEFINE SELF-ACTUALIZATION
- means developing to one’s fullest potential. A healthy person is one who is always growing and becoming all that he or she can be .
PROVIDE MASLOW’S DESCRIPTION OF A SELF-ACTUALIZER
Maslow’s characteristics/traits of self-actualizers:
- accurate in perceiving reality
- comfortable with life
- have a mission to accomplish or the need to devote their life to some larger good
- tend not to depend on external authority or on other people.
- autonomous and independent.
- feel a strong fellowship with humanity
- good sense of humour
DEFINE CARL ROGERS’ PERSPECTIVE ON THE FULLY FUNCTIONING PERSON
Carl Rogers viewed human nature as basically good.
If left to develop naturally, he thought, people would be happy and psychologically healthy.
EXPLAIN THE DEGREE TO WHICH PERSONALITY IS INHERITED
Many behavioural geneticists believe that personality may be as much as 40-50% inherited.
DESCRIBE PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES - DIRECT OBSERVATION
Psychologists use observation in personality assessment and evaluation in a variety of settings, including hospitals, clinics, schools, and workplaces
DESCRIBE PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES - STRUCTURED AND UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEWS
They use interviews to help diagnose and treat patients. Interviewers consider not only a person’s answers but also tone of voice, speech, mannerisms, gestures, and general appearance.
DESCRIBE PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES - INVENTORY METHOD
A paper and pencil test with questions about a person’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviours, w which measures several dimensions of personality and can be scored according to a standard procedure.
DESCRIBE PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES - PROJECTIVE TESTS
personality test consisting of inkblots, drawings of ambiguous human situations, or incomplete sentences for which there are no obvious correct or incorrect responses.
people respond by projecting their own inner thoughts, feelings, fears, or conflicts onto the test material, just as a moving projector projects film images onto a screen.
Define Psychotherapy
The treatment for all psychological disorders that uses psychological rather than biological means and primarily involves conversations between patient and therapist.
Define Insight Therapies.
Any type of psychotherapy based on the notion that psychological well-being depends on self-understanding.
Psychoanalysis
The psychotherapy that uses free association (reveals whatever thoughts and images come to mind), analysis of resistance, dream analysis, and transference to uncover repressed memories, impulses, and conflicts thought to cause psychological disorder.
Humanistic Therapy
Based on a more optimistic and hopeful picture of human nature and human potential.
- Individuals are viewed as unique and basically self-determining
- Encourages personal growth
- teaches clients how to fulfill their potential and take responsibility for their behaviour and what they have become in life.
- Focus on current relationships and experiences
Person Centered Therapy
A non-directive, humanistic therapy in which the therapist creates a warm, accepting atmosphere, thus freeing clients to be themselves and releasing their natural tendency toward positive growth. Developed by Carl Rogers.
Gestalt therapy
A therapy originated by Fritz Perls that emphasizes the importance of clients’ fully experiencing, in the present moment, their
feelings, thoughts, and actions and then taking responsibility for their feelings and behaviour.
Directive Therapy
An approach to therapy in which the therapist takes an active role in determining the course of therapy sessions and provides answers and suggestions to the patient.
Behaviour Therapy
A treatment approach that employs the principles of operant conditioning, classical conditioning, and/or observant learning theory to eliminate inappropriate or maladaptive behaviours and replace them with more adaptive responses.
Classical Conditioning-based Therapies
A neutral stimulus is paired with either a very positive or a very negative stimulus. After conditioning, our strong feeling toward the positive or negative stimulus transfers to the original, neutral stimulus.
Therapies based on classical conditioning can be used to rid people of their fears and other undesirable behaviours.
Participant Modelling
A behaviour therapy in which an appropriate response is modelled in graduated steps and the client attempts each step, while encouraged and supported by the therapist.
