Unit 10.1

Question 1

encapsulate

Answer 1

to express or show the most important facts about something:
It was very difficult to encapsulate the story of the revolution in a single one-hour documentary.
She encapsulates the stereotyped image that the British have of Americans.

Question 2

chiefly

Answer 2

mainly:
The island chiefly attracts upmarket tourists.
magazines intended chiefly for teenagers

Question 3

to try very hard to do something or to make something happen, especially for a long time or against difficulties:

Answer 3

to try very hard to do something or to make something happen, especially for a long time or against difficulties:
Mr Roe has kindled expectations that he must now strive to live up to.
In her writing she strove for a balance between innovation and familiar prose forms.

Question 4

kindle

Answer 4

to cause strong feelings or ideas in someone:

Her imagination was kindled by the exciting stories her grandmother told her.

Question 5

relevant

Answer 5

connected with what is happening or being discussed:

Education should be relevant to the child’s needs.

Question 6

retain

Answer 6

to keep or continue to have something:
She has lost her battle to retain control of the company.
He managed to retain his dignity throughout the performance.

Question 7

endangered

Answer 7

in danger of being harmed, lost, unsuccessful, etc.:
Social workers who look after abused or endangered children often have stressful days at work.
the endangered contracts of failing competitors

Question 8

formerly

Answer 8

in the past:

The European Union was formerly called the European Community.

Question 9

cause a stir

Answer 9

To incite trouble or excitement.

My best friend’s pink hair caused quite a stir at our very strict school.

Question 10

mourn

Answer 10

to feel or express great sadness, especially because of someone’s death:
Queen Victoria mourned Prince Albert/Prince Albert’s death for 40 years.
She was still mourning for her brother.

Question 11

fieldwork

Answer 11

study that consists of practical activities that are done away from your school, college, or place of work:
They had to go to Africa to do their fieldwork.

Question 12

pidgin

Answer 12

English, French, etc. when it is spoken in a simple way by someone who does not speak that language well:
“He come here?” he asked in pidgin English.

Question 13

creole

Answer 13

a language that has developed from a mixture of languages:
creole-speaking tribes
A creole develops a wider range of words, grammatical structures, and styles than is found in a pidgin.

Question 14

presently

Answer 14

now; at the present time:
Of 200 boats, only 20 are presently operational.
Three sites are presently under consideration for the new hotel.

Question 15

promptly

Answer 15

quickly, without delay, or at the arranged time:
We’ll have to leave fairly promptly (= on time) if we want to catch that train.
We try to answer readers’ letters as promptly (= quickly) as we can.

Question 16

to spring

Answer 16

to move quickly and suddenly towards a particular place:
I sprang out of bed to answer the door.
The organization is ready to spring into action (= start taking action) the moment it receives its funding.

Question 17

spring from sth

Answer 17

to come from or be a result of something:

His need to be liked obviously springs from a deep-rooted insecurity.

Question 18

stem

Answer 18

to stop something unwanted from spreading or increasing:

These measures are designed to stem the rise of violent crime.

Question 19

at issue

Answer 19

most important in what is being discussed:

The point at issue is what is best for the child.

Question 20

take issue with sth

Answer 20

to disagree strongly:

I took issue with him over his interpretation of the instructions.

Question 21

issue

Answer 21

to produce or provide something official:
The office will be issuing permits on Tuesday and Thursday mornings.
The school issued a statement about its plans to the press./The school issued the press with a statement about its plans.

Question 22

issue from sth

Answer 22

If something issues from a place, it comes out of that place:
A terrible scream issued from the room.

Question 23

swell

Answer 23

to become larger and rounder than usual; to (cause to) increase in size or amount:
It was obvious she had broken her toe, because it immediately started to swell (up).
The group recruited more members, swelling its ranks (= increasing its size) to more than 1.3 million.

Question 24

enlarge on/upon sth

Answer 24

to give more details about something you have said or written:
Would you care to enlarge on what you’ve just said?

Question 25

rely on sth/sb

Answer 25

to depend on or trust someone or something:
You can’t rely on good weather for the whole trip.
The system relies too heavily on one person.

Question 26

splash out sth

Answer 26

to spend a lot of money on buying things, especially things that are pleasant to have but that you do not need:
They splashed out £3,000 on a holiday.

Question 27

guesswork

Answer 27

the process of making a guess when you do not know all the facts:
The projected sales figures are pure guesswork on our part.

Question 28

everything under the sun

Answer 28

everything that exists or is possible:

I’ve tried everything under the sun on this stain, but I just can’t get rid of it.

Question 29

scrutiny

Answer 29

the careful and detailed examination of something in order to get information about it:
The government’s record will be subjected to/come under (close) scrutiny in the weeks before the election.

Question 30

stand up for sth/sb

Answer 30

to defend or support a particular idea or a person who is being criticized or attacked:
It’s high time we all stood up for our rights around here.
Don’t be bullied, learn to stand up for yourself and what you believe in.

Question 31

splurge

Answer 31

to spend a lot of money on buying goods, especially expensive goods:
I feel like splurging (out) on a new dress.
I can happily splurge 3,000 pounds in one day.