Unit 10- Minerals Flashcards
Introduction
- There are ~50 elements in the human body
- 4 of them (C, H, O, N) are primarily derived from ergogenic nutrients (carbs, protein and fat). They account for ~96% body mass
- 24 of them are known to be required by humans and are termed minerals
• Nutritional minerals exist in____ OR _____ forms
(NOT in elemental form)
• Ex: We need FeSO4 or Fe2+, not Fe or Fe3+
salt or ionic
Nutrient classification X 3
1–Micronutrients: Minerals
Ions, salts, and organic compounds
2–Major minerals:
Daily requirement = __________
Accounts for >0.03% total body weight
Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, S, Cl
3–Trace minerals:
Daily requirement = ___________
Accounts for
> 100 mg
Similarities between Vitamins and Essential minerals
• The daily requirement is small
• Storage in the body is minimal
• Exceptions: _____&_____
• Like fat-soluble vitamins, excessive intake can
lead to toxicity, because excretion from the body is very slow
Ca and P
Functions of Minerals X 6
1. Components of biologically important molecules – Enzyme regulation (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) • Fe: cytochrome • Zn: alcohol dehydrogenase • Mo: xanthine oxidase – Amino acids (sulfur in Met and Cys) – Hemoglobin (Fe) – Vitamin B12 (Co) – Thyroid hormone (I)
- _________ component of ‘mineralized’ tissue
– Ca, Mg, P, F in bones and teeth - __________ for function of nerve and muscle
– Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl
metalloenzymes
Structural
Electrolytes
Functions of Minerals X 6
- Cofactors for certain biochemical reactions
– Ca for blood coagulation, Mg for ATP (kinases) - Altering mineral concentration ALTERS osmotic pressure
- __________ balance
(eg NaOH is a strong base, therefore Na is a weak acid)
Acid-base
Macrominerals and Their MAJOR Roles X 7
- _______—— Hard tissue mineral (hydroxyapatite); cellular regulation
- ________—— Hard tissue mineral; osmotic balance; ATP, phospholipids, and as a buffer.
Calcium
Phosphorus
Macrominerals and Their MAJOR Roles X 7
- _________ ———- Enzyme cofactor or activator, especially for energy reactions and RNA-related
enzymes; bone (?) - _________—— Electrolyte for nerve and muscle; glucose absorption; regulates blood pressure
- _________— Electrolyte for nerve and muscle; protein
synthesis; metabolism of carbohydrate (pyruvate kinase); raise pH; reduce bone loss
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium
Macrominerals and Their MAJOR Roles X 7
- __________—-Food digestion via gastric acid formation; cofactor for α-amylase
- __________ — Amino acid function (part of Cys & Met); Vitamin function (component of thiamine, biotin and pantothenic acid); Structure of connective tissue (component of some GAGs e.g. heparin); Bile function (part of taurocholic acid)
Chloride
Sulfur
Calcium Metabolism
1 •__________ absorption
2 • _______ excretion
Functions of Calcium • Acquire optimal bone mass and density • Maintain bone health • Transport functions of cell membranes • Nerve transmission • Regulation of heart muscle function • Blood clotting • Role in obesity
Intestinal
Renal
Calcium Deficiency
- Increased blood PTH levels leads to low bone mass
- Osteomalacia
- Chronic diseases, such as colon cancer, hypertension, osteoporosis
- May be implicated in the development of _________
hypertension
Phosphorus
- _____&_____ are phosphate based
- High-energy phosphate bonds in ___ and other cellular forms of energy
- Phospholipids
- Enzyme activation and buffer system
- Hydroxyapatite in bones and teeth
DNA and RNA
ATP
Magnesium
- Cofactor for more than ____ enzymes
- Neuromuscular transmission and activity
- Bone density
300
Sulfur
- Constituent of three amino acids: cystine, cysteine, and methionine
- May be considered an ________
- Essential component of three vitamins: thiamin, biotin, and pantothenic acid
- Food sources include meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dried beans, broccoli, and cauliflower
antioxidant
Microminerals (Trace Elements)
• Essential to optimal growth, health, and development
• Exist in two forms
– As ________ ________
– Bound to proteins or complexed in molecules
charged ions
Microminerals and Their Major Roles X 11
- _____—Hemoglobin, myoglobin, heme containing
enzymes, non-heme iron-containing enzyme
2._______– Ceruloplasmin component, e.g., iron uptake in red marrow - ______– Enzyme cofactor and component of metalloproteins, e.g., zinc fingers
Iron
Copper
Zinc
Microminerals and Their Major Roles X 11
- _______—–Thyroid hormones (T4and T3) and BMR setting
- _______–Sphingosine synthesis; Carb
metabolism, superoxide dismutase
Iodine
Manganese
Microminerals and Their Major Roles X 11
- _________ ——-Hard tissue mineral, esp,
anticariogenic - ___________ ——-Uric acid
- ___________—– Antioxidant enzyme component
(glutathione peroxidase)
Fluoride
Molybdenum
Selenium
Microminerals and Their Major Roles X 11
- ________ —- Increased insulin function; Increases HDL, lowers LDL
- _______ —Vitamin B12
- ________ – Role in bone (?)
Chromium
Cobalt
Boron
Functions of Iron
- Red blood cell function
- ________ activity
- Numerous heme and nonheme enzymes
- Oxidation-reduction activity in respiratory gas transport and cytochrome activity
- Immune function and cognitive performance
Iron Overload
• Major cause is _________________
• Hemosiderosis may lead to hemochromatosis
• Risks of iron supplements for older adults
Myoglobin
hemochromatosis
Zinc
• Functions in association with more than 300
enzymes
• Synthesis or degradation of major ________
• Structural roles in proteins
• Intracellular signal in _______ _______
• Transport processes, immune function, and
genetic expression
Zinc Deficiency • Decreased taste acuity • Delayed wound healing • Growth retardation • Hypogonadism • \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ deficiencies • Skin lesions
metabolites
brain cells
Immune
Fluoride = Toxicity and fluorosis appear at daily doses of
0.1 mg/kg
Copper
• Component of many enzymes
• Ceruloplasmin
• Roles in __________ energy production
Iodine
• Synthesis of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)
• Inhibited by goitrogens
• Selenium is important in IODINE metabolism
mitochondrial
Selenium • Component of enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) • Antioxidant and free radical scavenger • Role in \_\_\_\_\_\_ metabolism • Interaction with vitamin E
Manganese
• Component of many enzymes, especially in _________
• Activates many other enzymes
• Formation of connective and skeletal tissues
• Growth and reproduction
• Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
iodine
mitochondria
Chromium
• Potentiates ________ action
• Possible glucose tolerance factor
• Possible role in regulation of gene expression
Molybdenum
• Role in enzymes that catalyze oxidation reduction
reactions
• Possible role in response of some people with _____ to sulfites
• Deficiency causes mental changes and abnormalities of sulfur and purine metabolism
insulin
asthma
Boron
• Essentiality NOT yet established
• Influences activity of metabolic enzymes and metabolism of several nutrients
• Associated with ___ ________
Cobalt
• Component of vitamin___
• Required for enzyme methionine aminopeptidase
• Macrocytic anemia
cell membranes
B12 (cobalamin)
