Unit 10- Minerals Flashcards
Introduction
- There are ~50 elements in the human body
- 4 of them (C, H, O, N) are primarily derived from ergogenic nutrients (carbs, protein and fat). They account for ~96% body mass
- 24 of them are known to be required by humans and are termed minerals
• Nutritional minerals exist in____ OR _____ forms
(NOT in elemental form)
• Ex: We need FeSO4 or Fe2+, not Fe or Fe3+
salt or ionic
Nutrient classification X 3
1–Micronutrients: Minerals
Ions, salts, and organic compounds
2–Major minerals:
Daily requirement = __________
Accounts for >0.03% total body weight
Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, S, Cl
3–Trace minerals:
Daily requirement = ___________
Accounts for
> 100 mg
Similarities between Vitamins and Essential minerals
• The daily requirement is small
• Storage in the body is minimal
• Exceptions: _____&_____
• Like fat-soluble vitamins, excessive intake can
lead to toxicity, because excretion from the body is very slow
Ca and P
Functions of Minerals X 6
1. Components of biologically important molecules – Enzyme regulation (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) • Fe: cytochrome • Zn: alcohol dehydrogenase • Mo: xanthine oxidase – Amino acids (sulfur in Met and Cys) – Hemoglobin (Fe) – Vitamin B12 (Co) – Thyroid hormone (I)
- _________ component of ‘mineralized’ tissue
– Ca, Mg, P, F in bones and teeth - __________ for function of nerve and muscle
– Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl
metalloenzymes
Structural
Electrolytes
Functions of Minerals X 6
- Cofactors for certain biochemical reactions
– Ca for blood coagulation, Mg for ATP (kinases) - Altering mineral concentration ALTERS osmotic pressure
- __________ balance
(eg NaOH is a strong base, therefore Na is a weak acid)
Acid-base
Macrominerals and Their MAJOR Roles X 7
- _______—— Hard tissue mineral (hydroxyapatite); cellular regulation
- ________—— Hard tissue mineral; osmotic balance; ATP, phospholipids, and as a buffer.
Calcium
Phosphorus
Macrominerals and Their MAJOR Roles X 7
- _________ ———- Enzyme cofactor or activator, especially for energy reactions and RNA-related
enzymes; bone (?) - _________—— Electrolyte for nerve and muscle; glucose absorption; regulates blood pressure
- _________— Electrolyte for nerve and muscle; protein
synthesis; metabolism of carbohydrate (pyruvate kinase); raise pH; reduce bone loss
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium
Macrominerals and Their MAJOR Roles X 7
- __________—-Food digestion via gastric acid formation; cofactor for α-amylase
- __________ — Amino acid function (part of Cys & Met); Vitamin function (component of thiamine, biotin and pantothenic acid); Structure of connective tissue (component of some GAGs e.g. heparin); Bile function (part of taurocholic acid)
Chloride
Sulfur
Calcium Metabolism
1 •__________ absorption
2 • _______ excretion
Functions of Calcium • Acquire optimal bone mass and density • Maintain bone health • Transport functions of cell membranes • Nerve transmission • Regulation of heart muscle function • Blood clotting • Role in obesity
Intestinal
Renal
Calcium Deficiency
- Increased blood PTH levels leads to low bone mass
- Osteomalacia
- Chronic diseases, such as colon cancer, hypertension, osteoporosis
- May be implicated in the development of _________
hypertension
Phosphorus
- _____&_____ are phosphate based
- High-energy phosphate bonds in ___ and other cellular forms of energy
- Phospholipids
- Enzyme activation and buffer system
- Hydroxyapatite in bones and teeth
DNA and RNA
ATP
Magnesium
- Cofactor for more than ____ enzymes
- Neuromuscular transmission and activity
- Bone density
300
Sulfur
- Constituent of three amino acids: cystine, cysteine, and methionine
- May be considered an ________
- Essential component of three vitamins: thiamin, biotin, and pantothenic acid
- Food sources include meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dried beans, broccoli, and cauliflower
antioxidant
Microminerals (Trace Elements)
• Essential to optimal growth, health, and development
• Exist in two forms
– As ________ ________
– Bound to proteins or complexed in molecules
charged ions
Microminerals and Their Major Roles X 11
- _____—Hemoglobin, myoglobin, heme containing
enzymes, non-heme iron-containing enzyme
2._______– Ceruloplasmin component, e.g., iron uptake in red marrow - ______– Enzyme cofactor and component of metalloproteins, e.g., zinc fingers
Iron
Copper
Zinc
Microminerals and Their Major Roles X 11
- _______—–Thyroid hormones (T4and T3) and BMR setting
- _______–Sphingosine synthesis; Carb
metabolism, superoxide dismutase
Iodine
Manganese
Microminerals and Their Major Roles X 11
- _________ ——-Hard tissue mineral, esp,
anticariogenic - ___________ ——-Uric acid
- ___________—– Antioxidant enzyme component
(glutathione peroxidase)
Fluoride
Molybdenum
Selenium
Microminerals and Their Major Roles X 11
- ________ —- Increased insulin function; Increases HDL, lowers LDL
- _______ —Vitamin B12
- ________ – Role in bone (?)
Chromium
Cobalt
Boron
Functions of Iron
- Red blood cell function
- ________ activity
- Numerous heme and nonheme enzymes
- Oxidation-reduction activity in respiratory gas transport and cytochrome activity
- Immune function and cognitive performance
Iron Overload
• Major cause is _________________
• Hemosiderosis may lead to hemochromatosis
• Risks of iron supplements for older adults
Myoglobin
hemochromatosis
Zinc
• Functions in association with more than 300
enzymes
• Synthesis or degradation of major ________
• Structural roles in proteins
• Intracellular signal in _______ _______
• Transport processes, immune function, and
genetic expression
Zinc Deficiency • Decreased taste acuity • Delayed wound healing • Growth retardation • Hypogonadism • \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ deficiencies • Skin lesions
metabolites
brain cells
Immune
Fluoride = Toxicity and fluorosis appear at daily doses of
0.1 mg/kg
Copper
• Component of many enzymes
• Ceruloplasmin
• Roles in __________ energy production
Iodine
• Synthesis of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)
• Inhibited by goitrogens
• Selenium is important in IODINE metabolism
mitochondrial
Selenium • Component of enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) • Antioxidant and free radical scavenger • Role in \_\_\_\_\_\_ metabolism • Interaction with vitamin E
Manganese
• Component of many enzymes, especially in _________
• Activates many other enzymes
• Formation of connective and skeletal tissues
• Growth and reproduction
• Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
iodine
mitochondria
Chromium
• Potentiates ________ action
• Possible glucose tolerance factor
• Possible role in regulation of gene expression
Molybdenum
• Role in enzymes that catalyze oxidation reduction
reactions
• Possible role in response of some people with _____ to sulfites
• Deficiency causes mental changes and abnormalities of sulfur and purine metabolism
insulin
asthma
Boron
• Essentiality NOT yet established
• Influences activity of metabolic enzymes and metabolism of several nutrients
• Associated with ___ ________
Cobalt
• Component of vitamin___
• Required for enzyme methionine aminopeptidase
• Macrocytic anemia
cell membranes
B12 (cobalamin)
Other Microminerals
1 • Silicon (Si)
• May be involved in bone calcification, and connective tissue structure / function
2 • Tin (Sn)
• May be involved in general growth and growth of _____
3 • Vanadium (V)
• May be involved in DNA synthesis, general growth and growth of bones and teeth. It may promote glucose entry into cells
4 • Nickel (Ni)
• May be involved in growth and reproduction, RBC formation, control of ________ _______ and liver function
5 • Arsenic (As) and Lead (Pb)
• Unknown, related to blood formation (?)
hair
cholesterol levels
Toxic Minerals (without function)
____________–
• Radioactive isotope from nuclear explosions. Accumulates in bone and causes abnormality
Note: __________ (non-radioactive) is used for osteoporosis treatment to improve bone formation. Mechanism unknown, but may affect osteoblasts
Strontium-90 (Sr)
Strontium
Toxic Minerals (without function)
_____________–
– Found in patients undergoing frequent kidney dialysis (contamination or impaired excretion)
– Signs: osteomalacia, CNS degeneration
similar to _________ disease*!!
Aluminum (Al)
Alzheimer’s
Toxic Minerals (without function)
__________________—-
– Metallic form relatively non-toxic
– Inorganic (HgCl2) has been used as antiseptic
– Organic mercury (CH3
-Hg) is toxic to nervous system and teratogenic
• Severe _____ _______ reported in Minamata Bay, Kyushu Island, Japan in the 50’s and 60’s due to consumption of seafoods polluted– discharged into bay by Chisso Corp (plastics mfr)
– Signs: CNS damage
• _______ of hands and feet, inability to walk, partial/complete loss of speech, hearing and vision, tremors and convulsions
Mercury (Hg)
birth defects
Numbness
Toxic Minerals (without function)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ – Sources: • \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, smoke, and workplaces – Toxicity observed when urine levels are > 5 μg/L – Signs: • Pain and fracture of bones • Proteinuria • Glycosuria • Aminoaciduria
Cadmium (Cd)
Organ meats
Focal Points
1 • The major nutrients with roles in the human body include energy-containing MACROnutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and alcohol) as well as the MICROnutrients (vitamins and minerals.)
2 • The indigestible food component, FIBER, is essential for health, especially related to the GI tract and cardiovascular system, but ___% of Americans do not get enough fiber.
3 • Changing concepts regarding the structure, function, and utilization of nutrients in the body are important to keep in mind because they determine the impact of nutrient deficiencies or excesses on health and disease management.
4 • Miscellaneous TRACE elements exist in human tissues, especially in the ________, because of their abundance on the earth’s surface; their essentiality in humans is NOT totally clear.
80
skeleton
