unit 10 Flashcards
when using eye tracking techniques to study reading,
what is meant by a “saccade”?
discrete movements/jumps that our eyes make from one point to another when reading
what is meant by a “fixation”?
brief pauses during which the eye takes in information
during what phase does the eye take in information?
during the fixation period
what is a regressive saccade? why might a regressive saccade occur?
regressive saccade: occurs when the eyes move backward to a previous word or section of text
- it might occur if a reader:
a. encounters difficulty understanding the text
b. misinterprets the meaning of a word or phrase
c. needs to confirm or clarify earlier content
what is a typical perceptual span when reading English? is it symmetrical or asymmetrical?
approximately 3 characters left & 15 characters right of fixation point. it is asymmetrical because English is read from left to right.
when reading, our eyes skip more words. Approximately what percent of words are skipped?
30%
what kinds of words are most likely to be skipped?
- short, unimportant words
- high frequency (common) words
- highly constrained words
what is meant by “orthography”?
orthography: physical structure of words (written)
Both the direct access view and the indirect access view of reading attempt to explain how we get from a written word(s) (orthography) to the meaning of that word(s) (semantics).
how are the direct access view and the indirect access view different?
direct access view: orthography –> meaning
indirect access view: orthography –> phonology –> meaning
explain direct access view.
suggest that readers recognize the written form of a word (orthography) and directly access its meaning (semantics) without sounding it out
explain indirect access view.
proposes that readers convert the written form into a phonological (sound) representation before accessing meaning
what is some evidence that word meanings can be accessed indirectly (via phonology)?
ex: rose (target) vs. rows (homophone) vs. robs (visual control)
- meat vs. meet vs. melt
homophone errors: readers may mistakenly select words that sound similar but are spelled differently (read vs reed)
phonological priming: words with similar sounds (beet vs beat) can facilitate word recognition in certain tasks
what is the dual route view?
dual route view: combines both the direct and indirect access view. suggests some words are processed directly from orthography to semantics, and other words are processed indirectly through phonology before accessing meaning.
what are phonemes?
the smallest units of speech sound that are recognized as different in a particular language and change the meaning of a spoken signal
what are morphemes?
smallest units of language that carry meaning ex: tree, walk
free morphemes: can stand alone
bound morphemes: must accompany a free morpheme
what are graphemes?
minimal meaningful units in the writing system of a particular language
- it is usually a letter or fixed combination of letters corresponding to a phoneme in that language
what’s the difference between phonemes, morphemes, and graphemes?
phonemes are the smallest units of sound in a language, morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in a language, and graphemes are written symbols that represent phonemes
how are phonemes and graphemes related?
each phoneme is represented by a corresponding grapheme. graphemes are the written representation of phonemes
what 3 methods of teaching reading were discussed in class?
- whole-word approach
- whole-language approach
- phonics
describe whole-word approach.
rote (repetition) learning of words, train to recognize words as a whole
describe whole-language approach.
extension of whole-word approach, engaging materials, encourages to guess, no correcting
describe phonics.
learning correspondence between component letters and their sounds, able to sound out new words
which method of teaching reading has been demonstrated to be best?
PHONICS
