Unit 1 Weeks 1-3 Flashcards
What are the 5 AP World History themes?
- Interactions between humans and the environment
- Development and Interaction of Cultures
- State-Building, Expansion and Conflict
- Creation, expansion and Interaction of Economic Systems
- Development and transformation of social structures
What is cultural diffusion?
the process by which an idea or technique devised in one society spreads to another
What are worldwide processes?
developments that ultimately shape much of the world’s population
List the 5 most durable civilizations.
Middle East, Mediterranean, India, China, Central America
What did Western citizens and the Chinese each believe about history?
it involved the study of their culture and it’s interactions
How long has the human species been around for?
The human species has been around for 2-2.5 million years, only 1/4000 of the time earth has existed
What are the drawbacks of the human species?
aggressiveness, dependency of young, back problems, knowledge of death
What are the advantages of the human species?
thumbs, sex drive, omnivores, variety of facial expressions, brain
What is the first two million years that humans have lived in called?
The patheolithic, or old stone age
When was fire tamed?
750,000 years ago
When did the homo erectus evolve?
500,000-750,000 yag
What are some characteristics of the homo erectus?
more erect, larger brain
When did Homo sapiens evolve?
120,000 years ago in Africa
What were some constraints of the species?
- hunters and gatherers couldn’t support large groups
- hunting groups were small
- women breast fed infants for many years limiting fertility
When did speech develop?
100,000 yag
When did people arrive in Africa? Britain? Australia? North America?
Africa- 750,000yag
Britain- 250,000yag
Australia- 60,000 yag
North America- 17,000 yag
What monumental things occurred 14,000 years ago?
The last great ice age ended and the Mesolithic (middle stone age) begins
What occurred during the Mesolithic age?
- sharpen and shape stone, and make more precise tools
- log rafts and domestication of cows
What are the dates of the mesolithic age?
12,000-800 BCE
When did people pass across the bering land bridge from the tip of siberia to south america?
16,000 BCE
What was the neolithic revolution?
the development of agriculture
What most clearly moved humans toward more elaborate social and cultural programs?
the development of agriculture
What did agriculture allow?
- settlement and more focus on economic, political, and religious goals
- population multiplied
- animals were domesticated
- houses and villages
- hides and wool
When and where did farming begin?
Farming began in the middle east in the fertile crescent in 10,000 BCE-8,000 BCE and began to spread to India, North Africa, and Europe
What happened soon after farming began in the Middle East?
Rice cultivation developed in China
What were some drawbacks of agriculture?
- demanding work
- settlements spread disease
What’s one way that nomadic people were eradicated?
- forests were cleared
- diseases were spread to them that they didn’t have antibodies against
Where was agriculture not embraced?
NA Indians, South Africans, and Central Asia
What did agriculture motivated people to do?
Make baskets and study the weather, foundations of art and science
How did agriculture affect change?
it sped up human change
What occurred in 4,000 BCE and where?
Copper was used to make tool and then soon after bronze, started in the middle east
What was copper used for?
metal hoes and weapons
When was iron discovered and who introduced it?
Iron was introduced in 1500BCE by herding people who invaded the middle east
What did the introduction of agriculture form?
- larger more stable communities
- houses and wells could be built
What was the size of most hunting tribes?
40-60
What type of farmers moved around?
Slash and burn
What is a vital neolithic village in southern Turkey?
Çatal Hüyük
What was the size of Çatal Hüyük? When was it founded?
32 acres, 7000 BCE
What are some characteristics of Çatal Hüyük?
- mud bricks
- surplus of food
- tool makers and jewelers
- large villages ruled over small leading to specialties in politics and military
List Childe’s Criteria.
- Large populated settlements
- Ability to produce surplus food
- Variety/Ranking of social positions
- Beginning of science
- Trading over long distances
- Variety of specialized occupations
- Large public buildings
- Writing and system of notation
- Development of important art style
- Beginning of central government
What were the early civilizations and when did they begin?
3500BCE Middle East- Tigris and Euphrates
3000BCE Çatal Hüyük
2500BCE Indus River, India
China and Central America
Why is civilization a term that is hard to use?
- It is subjective
- some people say that it is political divisions and social hierarchy
- some people say that it is the formation of states
What do civilizations depend on?
cities
What is the role of cities for civilizations?
- amass wealth and power
- allow rapid exchange of ideas
- encourage intellectual thought and artistic expression
- promote manufacturing and trade
When and where did writing develop?
In the middle east around 3500 BCE
What was the purpose of writing?
- send messages and keep records,
- contacts and treaties
- cuneiform-wedge based writing
- record data and build on past
- minority of people literate
What groups of people lacked writing?
nomads and western africans
What did the greeks call non-civilized people?
barbarians
What are the negatives of civilizations?
- more class divisions
- war-like
- promoted male leadership
How did civilizations affect the environment?
- increased human impact
- Danube river valley experienced deforestation
When were the first for initial civilized centers developed and where?
Middle East, Egypt, NorthWestern India, Northern China
What were the most noteworthy achievements of early civilizations?
writing, formal codes of law, city planning and architecture, institutions for trade (money$$$)
What was the first example of human civilization?
the middle east
Where in the middle east did the first civilization develop?
In the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in an area known as Mesopotamia
What were the achievements of Mesopotamia by 4000 BCE?
- familiar with bronze and copper
- invented the wheel
- pottery and art
- coordination required for irrigation served as the basis for political structures
What was the first group to invade mesopotamia and when did they invade?
the sumerians invaded mesopotamia by 3500 BCE
What writing did the Sumerians bring?
the cuneiform alphabet, scribes wrote on clay tablets with an almost ballpoint pen
What did Sumerian art involve?
statues of gods
What were Sumerian religious rituals?
- cities had patron gods and erected shrines
- towers called ziggurats were monumental architecture
- Sumerians believed in polytheism and linked gods with nature and the punishment of floods
- after life of punishment=hell
What were Sumerian political structures?
- tightly organized states
- king claimed divine authority
- carefully defined boundaries
- government regulated and enforced religion
- provided a court system
What was the social structure of Mesopotamia with the Sumerians?
Kings, Noble class, priesthood, slaves
What were some other items that the Sumerians invented?
wheeled carts, fertilizer, silver for money
Who did Sumerian rule fall to?
Akkadians- who continued culture
Who conquered the Akkadians?
the Babylonians
What did the babylonians do to the mesopotamian empire?
Extend the empire to other areas of the middle east
Who was the babylonian king who established the first lw code?
King Hammurabi
What was King Hammurabi’s Law code
-established rule of procedure for courts of law and regulated property rights and duties of family members setting harsh punishments 1800-1750BCE
How was babylon disrupted in 2100BCE?
Indo Europeans from the north invaded and Semitic people from the south spread their language and religion
What two empires coexisted with Babylon?
Persian and Assyrian
How did political policy change Mesopotamia from 1200 to 900 BCE?
Large empires decided in favor of smaller states
When and where did the first egyptian civilization form?
forned in 3000 in northern africa and along the nile river
What was the political stability of Egypt river valley civilization?
remained unified state throughout most of it’s history
Who was the leader of egyptian river valley politics?
king/pharaoh
How did Egyptian river valley economy compare to Mesopotamian?
Egypt has a more government directed economy because of more complex irrigation systems
What monuments did pharaohs erect?
Built tombs, pyramids from 2700 bce onward
How did Egypt river valley impact future african societies?
At some points Egypt covered Sudan impacting future African culture
What kingdom invaded Egypt at some point?
Kush
How did Egyptian science and alphabet compare to Mesopotamian? Math and art?
Science and alphabet- more basic
Math and art more complex
What did egyptian river valley math involve?
Inventing the 24 hour day
What did Egyptian river valley art involve?
lively pictures to surround people in afterlife
When and where did indian civilization develop?
Urban civilization along the Indus river 2500BCE
What were some characteristics of early Indian civilization?
- cities harps snd Mohenjo-Daro had running water
- trading contacts with Mesopotamia
- developed their own distinctive alphabet and artistic forms
What happened to this early Indian river valley civilization?
invasions by Indo-Europeans destroyed this culture. religious and political ideas were combined,but writing was lost
What chinese civilization developed in isolation?
The Hwang He (yellow river) river valley civilization
How were kings treated in early Chinese civilization?
like gods
-P’an Ku
What kind of history did the chinese record?
part fact part fiction
How was early chinese civilization politically?
China was an organized state with organized irrigation in the prone to flooding river valley
List some achievements of china by 200 BCE
- learned to ride horses
- skilled in pottery
- used bronzed well
- introduced iron + coal
Describe Chinese river valley writing
Knotting ropes-lines on bones-ideographic symbols
What type of science rose in river valley China?
astronomy
Describe Chinese river valley art
-delicate designs and early interest in music
What did the shang dynasty build?
-tombs and palaces, but most people lived in homes of mud
What disrupted the Shang dynasty?
invasions caused a temporary decline in civilization
How was the Chinese transition from river valley to classical civilizations different?
there was less of a break
Describe the ideas of civilization/being civilized of different cultures.
- chinese kept separate from cattle and sheep herding peoples
- american indians of mexico settled in the valleys of the mountainous interior and feared the outsiders
- civilization is derived from latin-of the citizens
- greeks called outsiders barbarians, those who cannot speak greek
When did ideas that civilization was cultural not biological change?
European writers in the 18th century
How does Mesopotamian river valley philosophy compare to Chinese river valley philosophy?
Mesopotamians-gap between human and nature
Chinese- humans and nature united
What people affected river valley alphabets?
The Phoenicians devised an alphabet of 22 letters around 1300 BCE
What people affected river valley trade institutions?
the lydian introduced the first coined money
What was the first monotheistic religion?
Judaism around 1200BCE
What caused Indian river valley failure?
Harappan people lacked military
What shang institutions/discoveries influenced later civilizations?
- irrigation, dike, millet and wheat cultivation
- towns and villages
- dynasties and religion
- system of writing
What occurred in the middle east after the fall of the river valley civilization?
it was a complex center brought together by trade
What was emphasized in classical india vs classical china?
China-philosophical values
India- social structure and religion
What was the role of most people in classical india?
peasant farmers, family survival
How did India’s location make it develop differently from china?
Periodic influences form the middle east caused India to react and adapt in ways that isolated China did not
How did India’s topography shape their civilization?
- separated from Asia by the Himalayas
- agricultural regions along Indus and Ganges
- northern herding economy, southern seafaring economy
How did weather affect the Indian classical population?
In a year with favorable monsoons india could support a sizable population
What are the two parts of the formic period?
vedic and epic ages
How did the Aryan migrants impact classical India?
- extensive agriculture
- tight levels of village organization
- village chiefs
- patriarchal controls
- close family relationships
When did the caste system begin?
in the vedic and epic ages
What are the castes?
Kshatriyas-warrior governing Brahmins-priestly Vaisyas-traders, famers Sudras-Common laborers Untouchables
How did the caste system impact life?
Was hereditary with marriage between castes forbidden
What were the subgroups of castes?
Jati
What were the aryan religious beliefs that impacted india?
-many gods with sacrifices and the belief of an afterlife
What religion was established in classical india at the end of the epic period?
Gautama Buddha created buddhism
When did classical India pass through it’s formative phase?
By 600 BCE india had passed through its formative phase
What was the language in classical India?
sanskrit
What was classical indian political structure?
16 powerful regional states by 600 BCE
What did the Indian invasion of Alexander the Great Lead to?
Chandragupta’s autocratic dynasty with major bodyguard protection.
Who was Chandragupta’s grandson?
Ashoka
Describe Ashoka’s lifestyle.
- enjoyed a lavish lifestyle
- engaged in a study of nature influenced by Buddhism
- Extended Mauryan conquests and gained control of all but the tip of india through fierce fighting
- bloodthirsty
- converted to buddhismsand propagated it along with dharma
- sponsored road network and encouraged growing commerce
What occurred in classical india after Ashoka’s empire fell?
-Regional kingdoms resurfaced
How did Kush conversion to Buddhism affect classical india?
It reduced the popularity of buddhism because of association with foreigners
What occurred after the collapse of the Kushan state in 220CE
100 years of instability
Gupta took over in 320 CE
How did the guptas rule classical india?
- no great individual rulers,but great impact
- -negotiate and intermarried which created a larger empire without constant fighting
- greatest period of political stability
What was the most basic political values of classical india?
Regionalism
How did Gupta rule affect classical indians and their culture?
- allowed defeated local rulers to maintain control as long as they submitted to Gupta dominance
- no single language
- pottery and art
What did the caste system do for the politics of classical india?
promoted social order
When did Gupta rule fall and what proceeded?
It fell to nomadic hun invaders from the north maintained the culture 535CE
What is Hinduism and how did it develop?
Hinduism is the religion of India’s majority. It developed slowly after a long period of time because it has no central founder. Vedic and Epic ages
What did hinduism encourage?
- political and economic goal called Martha
- worldly pleasures called karma
What was part of the success of hinduism?
it could coexist
Compare Brahmin and Upanishad values of hinduism.
Brahmin-ritualistic
Upanishad- shallowness of worldly concerns, didn’t enjoy ceremonies
What different principle did hinduism embrace?
reincarnation
What was hindu basic holy essence and other important gods?
- brahma-basic holy essence
- vishun the preserver and shiva the destroyer
What is hinduistic dharma?
moral consequences of action
How did Hinduism complement the caste system?
it gave lower class people something to work for and upper class people hyped for the divine essence
Who began buddhism and when?
Gautama Buddha-568 BCE
- indian prince became to question earthly life with so much poverty
- lived as a hindu mystic fasting and torturing his body
- focused on supreme divinity, and union with the divine essence, nirvana
how did buddhism affect caste system?
Attacked caste system because anyone could achieve a holy life
Why was buddhism permanently followed in india?
Gupta opposition
What did indian classical writers write about?
legal writing and love
Where was the worlds first university?
In Nalanda in classical india under the guptas
What was classical indian science?
Astronomy and medicine
Describe classica indian math.
Square roots, decimals, negatives, zero
Describe classical indian art.
nature
How were servants treated in classical india?
abused
How was marriage in classical india?
daughters were endowed to spouses they never met
had no voice in new family
How as the economy in classical india?
vigorous economy and trading systems
What was there an emphasis on in family life in classical india?
sexual pleasure and close relations
During what period of time was there the greatest trade in classical india?
Under the Mauryan rule, Eurasia and african civilizations
How was buddhism changed as it left india?
some worshipped buddha as a god
Who was the chief agent for buddhist expansion?
buddhist monks
What ideas did bodhisattvas spread?
some people could attain nirvana by staying in the world as saints to aid others through prayer and example
What did chinese leaders think about buddhism?
they thought it threatened their power
What was the most influential middle eastern group?
the jews
Where did jewish people settle and when?
near the mediterranean around 1200 BCE
What was distance about jewish belief
a belief in the single god jehovah who guided the destinies of the jewish people
Describe the jewish state.
Small and weak, only maintained independence when other areas were in turmoil
How did jewish ideas that judaism stressed a special compact with the jewish chosen people affect their position?
- no premium on converting new subjects
- always in a minority position
What was god linked to in judaism and how was he portrayed?
- more abstract
- orderly and just
- god linked to ethical conduct
Compare simple contrasts of Greece and rome.
Rome- engineering and mighty empire
Greece scientific thought, and city-states
Who rule Persia in 550BCE?
Cyrus the great
What did the Persians do?
Although tolerant of local customs, Persians advanced iron technology, developed Zoroastrianism and a lively artistic style
What happened to the Persians?
They were toppled by alexander the great
How did Greece begin?
- river valley civilization has spread to the greek peninsula
- the island of crete showed Egyptian architecture influence
Who were the greeks?
An aryan people who took over the peninsula by 1700BCE
What occurred in Greece in between 600BCE-800BCE?
Rapid rise in civilization base on several city states
How did city-states in Greece interact?
trade, language with phoenician alphabet
Describe Sparta.
strong military aristocracy dominating a slave population
Describe Athens.
a diverse commercial state proud of intellectual and artistic leadership[
What occurred in Greece 500-449 BCE?
Athens and Sparta cooperated to defeat a persian nation
Who was Pericles?
5th century greek political figure
- aristocrat
- restrained aggressive views
What occurred in greece 431-404 BCE?
Peloponnesian wars Athens vs Sparta for control of greece
What occurred after the Peloponnesian wars?
Philip of Macedonia and then Alexander the Great (son) took over
What occurred during the Hellenistic period?
greek art and culture merged with the middle east
How and where did the roman empire begin?
AS a local monarchy in central italy around 800BCE
How was the roman monarch overturned and what followed?
-Roman aristocrats drove out the monarchy and established more elaborate political institutions for their city state
How did the Punic wars impact Rome?
-conquered norther africa, egypt, greece,
What followed the Punic wars?
instability with Julius Caezar and Augustus Caezar
Who rule rome in 180 CE?
Marcus Aurelius- peace and prosperity
What occurred after the rule of Marcus Aurelius?
The empire suffered a fall for 250 years and was overturned by northerners in 476CE
What did constantine do?
-bloodthirsty ruler who adopted christianity in 313CE
Describe Athens political institutions?
- direct democracy for men
- met every 10 days
- lower class citizens spoiled their democracy by making reckless decisions
What is aristocracy?
rule of the best
What was the role of roman law codes?
the spread widely and with them came a notion of rules as a regulator of social life
Were people granted citizenship in ancient rome?
yes
What did athens and rome place importance on?
military conquest
What type of public works did rome undertake?
roads, harbors, stadiums, public baths
How did christianity relate to Greco-Roman society?
it arose during the Roman empire but was not a product of greco roman society
What was greco-roman religion?
- set of complex gods and goddesses seen regulating human life bases off of natures spirits
- there was a creator or father god, Zeus or Jupiter
- rather human with myths and stories
- lack of spiritual passion failed to satisfy many
How did the lack of spiritual passion impact philosophy in Greece?
Many greeks sought their own model for ethical behavior
-Cierco and Aristotle
What did Socrates teach?
In Athens he encouraged his pupils to question conventional wisdom and that the chief human duty was improvement of the soul
What did plato suggest?
Plato thought that there were three perfect forms, true, good ,and beautiful
What was Ptolemy’s theory?
sun moves around a stationary earth
What did Euclid produce?
Geometry
What did Romans do wit greek knowledge?
preserved it in textbooks
What did romans construct?
arches, roads , and aqueducts
Sophocles
oedipus complex
What was roman writing?
poetry
Name some greek writing?
Iliad and Odyssey by Homer
What was greek architecture?
monumental construction and columned porticos
What did most people do in Ancient Greece and Rome?
farm
What were the limitations on farmers?
- bad soil -olives and grapes
- took 5 years to bear fruit-debt
What did roman and greek slaves do?
- Roman tutoring and house keeping
- Greek Mining
What level were merchants in Rome?
middle class, higher than china, worse than india
What was women life like in Greco-Roman society?
Women had rights in the economy and household but were held inferior. Had no divorce rights
How did isolation benefit/hurt classical China?
- prevented trade and spread of ideas
- protected against invasion
Explain harmony of nature and Dao.
Harmony of nature-ting and yang
Dao- each individual should seek a way called a dao to relate to this harmony, avoiding excess and appreciating opposites
What are the three dynastic cycle of the Chinese era?
Zhou, Qin, Hang
When did the Zhou rule and how did it rule?
- 1029-258 BCE
- came from the north and displaced the shang
- ruled through alliances by giving large regional estates to family/supporters in exchange for troops and taxes
Where did the Zhou rule and what crops were in each region?
- from the Hwang He to the Yangtze
- wheat in the north and rice in the south
What did Zhou rulers claim to be?
sons of heaven
When did the Zhou rule begin to decline? Why did it fall?
- 700 BCE
- because of political infrastructure and nomadic invasions
-What monumental chinese writer wrote during the Zhou dynasty?
Confucius wrote an elaborate statement on politics during the late 6th and early 5th centuries
During what exact era did Zhou disintegrate?
During the era of the warring states between 402 and 201 BCE
Who was the ruler after the Zhou?
Qin Shih Huangdi (the first emperor)
Describe the Qin.
- bureaucratic provinces
- powerful armies crushed resistance
- wall built through forced labor 3000 miles
- ordered a national census
- standard coinage weights measurement
- made chinese written script uniform
- furthered agriculture
- attacked formal culture
What occurred when emperor Qin died?
In 210 BCE peasant revolts occurred and in 202 BCE the Han was established
When did the Han rule?
400 years 202 BCE-220 CE
Describe the rulership of the Han.
- kept central control, but promoted peace
- bureaucracy
Whey did the Han fall and what followed?
The huns over-turned the dynasty and there was chaos between 220-589 CE
Who was a major leader of the Han dynasty?
Wu Ti 140-87BCE
- enforced peace
- established a school to train men of exceptional talent to become bureaucrats
- operated military and judicial systems
What did chinese harmony include?
rituals to unify soviet and prevent individual excess
What are the values of confucianism?
- divine order
- do unto others as your and their status dictates and plea for loyalty in the community
- obedience and respect, but education should be accessible to all
- what was the confucian doctrine- Analects
What is legalism?
- different political though
- favor of authoritarian state ruled by force
- -human nature evil and requires restraint
- army controls and people labor
What religions did peasants believe?
often polytheistic
-symbol of dragons stemmed from one
What is Daoism?
-religion- embraced ancient chinese beliefs and harmony and added a sense of nature’s mystery
-Dao-way of nature
-secret rituals
humility and frugal living
-opposite of confucianism
How did confucianism blend with literature and art?
the creation of the 5 classics
What was the mark of education in classical china?
being able to recite poetry
Describe chinese art.
decorative, geometric, calligraphy, jewelry, pottery, jade, and ivory, and weaving silk screens
Describe chinese science and math.
-astronomy, 365.5 day calendar
-anatomical knowledge and hygiene knowledge
seismograph to register earthquakes
-math of music
What were the three social groups in classical china?
- mandarins- educated bureaucrats and aristocracy
- merchants, artisans, peasants
- mean people
How were the mean people treated?
harsh punishments, green scarf
What was traded in classical china
silks, jewelry, leather, furniture
What were some inventions of classical china?
-lamps, iron mining, ox drawn plows, water mills, paper
Describe chinese family life.
- unity, power of husbands and fathers
- control of emotions
- boys superior to girls and first born male child inherits all
Where did Christianity move from and how did it impact?
-moved westward from its original center in the middle east
How did christianity treat other beliefs?
was intolerant
What did Christianity emphasize that was similar to buddhism?
salvation and the guidance of saints
Why did christianity begin?
because of a reaction to harsh jewish priesthood
What were some basic christian values?
- one god,
- virtuous life dedicated to god
- fellowship among believers
- life of poverty better for holiness
- spiritual equality of all
How did Christianity interact with Greco-roman religions
syncretism- christmas moved
