Period 4 1450-1750 Flashcards
1
Q
When did the Italian Renaissance occur?
A
14th and 15th centuries
2
Q
Describe political policy during the renaissance.
A
City-state rulers sought. New forms to advance well-being of political territory civic conscientiousness; diplomacy; balance of power
3
Q
What did the Italian Renaissance do?
A
challenged medieval values and styles and promoted a secular/vernacular education and literature
4
Q
How did the educational curriculum change during the renaissance?
A
- humanities replaced scholasticism of medieval scholarship
- studied theology, médecine and law
5
Q
List three writers from the Italian Renaissance.
A
- Petrarch- love poems to Laura
- Boccaccio- Decameron
- Castilione- The Courtier
6
Q
How did painting and art change during the Italian renaissance?
A
- new realism in painting and artistic accomplishment
- Individualism and perspective
7
Q
List two Italian renaissance painters.
A
Da Vinci and Michelangelo
8
Q
Describe political theory and history during the Italian Renaissance.
A
- Machiavelli- The Prince, similar to Chinese legalists
- Historians favor critical thinking for explaining the past
9
Q
Describe commerce during the Italian Renaissance.
A
-merchants and bankers move into profit seeking capitalist ways
10
Q
Why did Italian Renaissance decline?
A
-16th century Italy declined: French and Spanish invasion, atlantic trade routes hurt Mediterranean economy
11
Q
What is humanism?
A
a focus on humanity on the center of endeavor
12
Q
How was northern renaissance different?
A
- more religious
- mixed classical themes and medieval popular culture
13
Q
List three northern Renaissance writers.
A
Shakespeare, Rabelais, Cervantes
14
Q
What did Northern military rulers do?
A
-became patrons of the arts, tried to control the church, sponsored trading companies and colonial ventures, Interest in military conquest increased
15
Q
How did styles change during the northern Renaissance?
A
- classical styles replace gothic
- Christian morality and piety emphasized
16
Q
Describe the commercial economy by 1500.
A
- improved technology from Asia
- printnig helped expand religious and technological thinking
17
Q
Describe the new family pattern by 1500.
A
European style family emerged- ordinary people married at a later age, nuclear family developed. The changed influenced husband wife relations and intensified links between families and individual property holdings
18
Q
What was the date of the Protestant and Catholic reformation?
A
1517-1618
19
Q
What did Martin Luther do?
A
- 95 theses
- faith alone needed to gain salvation
- challenged Catholic beliefs of pale authority, monasticism, priestly celibacy, and indulgences.
- Translated bible to German
20
Q
How did Luther’s ideas impact Europe?
A
- Princes saw opportunity to secure power at the expense of the Catholic Holy Roman Empire
- Church lands and wealth seized in Lutheran states
- Peasant interpreted Luther’s action as a sanction for rebellion against landlords (luther denounced rebellion)
- Urban people thought that Luther’s views sanctioned money making and other secular pursuits
21
Q
Describe Calvinism.
A
- Jean Calvin based in geneva
- Basic principle of predestination (the elect)
- He wanted participation of all believers in church affairs-influenced attitudes toward government
- Education and literacy stressed and reading the bible
- Huguenots, Presbyterian, Puritans, Congregationalists
22
Q
How did England become Anglican?
A
- Henry 8 broke with pope over divorce
- Parliament passed act of Supremacy making monarchy head of the church of england
23
Q
Catholic Reformation
A
- Council of Trent reaffirmed Catholic doctrine and reformed abuses
- Jesuits created
24
Q
List important protestant states
A
England, Netherlands, Scandinavia, North German
25
When did the religious wars occur?
16th and 17th centuries
26
Describe religious fighting in france.
- fight for the throne
- Edict of Nantes 1598 required tolerance for the Huguenots
- Repealed by Luois 14 and Huguenots fled
27
Describe religious fighting in Netherlands.
- Phillip 2 of spain lost his Spanish land depleting resources in his Iberian Mission
- won independence in the treaty of westphalia
28
Describe the 30 years war.
Pitted German and Swedish protestants against Habsburg Holy Roman Empire and Spain. German power and prosperity did not recover for a century. Treaty of Westphalia allowed rulers to choose the religion of their country.
29
How did the religious wars affect Europe?
Acceptance of concepts of secular power and religious pluralism. Spain lost dominance, France gained power, and the Netherlands and England developed international trade.
30
What was the commercial revolution?
| MECPS
- Manufacturing was stimulated
- East India companies developed
- Commercialization of Atlantic States and the New World gold and silver forced prices up and product demand surpassed availability
- Price revolution- benefitted those in agriculture and those who had debt
- Specialized agricultural regions emerged
31
How did the commercial revolution affect the people?
- Population and Urban Growth
- Prosperity shared by all classes but victims included wage earners vulnerable to economic inflations
- Witchcraft hysteria
32
What are the new social division in Europe by the 17th century?
wedges between the elite and the masses- elite pull out of popular culture
33
What social event occurred in Europe during the 17th century?
Rebellions demonstrated social tension as groups call for political voice or suppression of landlords and taxes. Rising fail and the wealthy become suspicious of the poor.
34
When did the scientific revolution occur?
17th century
35
Who was copernicus?
Copernicus disproved that the earth was the center of the universe
36
Name two astronomers who followed copernicus.
Kepler- laws of planetary motion
| Galileo- his findings brought condemnation by the catholic church
37
What did Francis bacon contribute to the scientific revolution?
inductive reasoning and the values of empirical research
38
What did Isaac Newton contribute?
- framework of natural laws
- principles of motion, gravity, and scientific methodology
- Principia Mathematica
39
What did Harvey contribute to the scientific revolution?
circulatory system of animals
40
What was the impact of the scientific revolution?
| JEW-NRH
- John Locke-Environmental philosophy- understanding
- Educated belief that people could control their
- Witchcraft hysteria declined
- New schools with gov aid
- Religious attitudes changed, Deism argued that god did not regulate natural laws environment through sense and reason
- Human progress- science had become central to western intellectual life
41
What was the political policy in the 17th century?
Absolute and parliamentary monarchies
42
What two models does western Europe follow?
France and England
43
Describe the political similarities between France and England
Both centralized government, organized bureaucracies for administration, promoted new national loyalties, and developed political traditions for the state.
44
What was the French government a model of in the 17th century?
-absolute monarchy
45
What are the characteristics of absolutism?
| PROL
- Professional army
- Royal agents used to extend power to the provinces
- Organized Bureaucracy
- Limiting noble and parliamentary power
46
Who was the best absolute monarch?
Louis XIV (14)
- I am the state
- built Versailles and policies of war
- patronage of the arts and sciences
47
Describe Mercantilism.
Mercantilism- national economy with the principle that the wealthiest country is the most powerful. Increase exports and decrease imports-colonies.
48
Where did spread of absolute monarchy occur?
- central Europe
- Prussia
- Habsburg monarchy of Austria
49
How did the Netherlands and Britain control power during the 17th century?
- growing commercial and colonial powers
| - emphasized the role of the central state but built parliamentary regimes
50
What was the glorious revolution in England?
- 1689 Glorious revolution in England
| - Parliament won basic sovereignty over the king in England
51
What was John Locke's political theory?
- power came form the people not from divine right
- the king should be restrained by institutions that protect the public interest and provide guarantees of rights to freedom and property
52
How was the nation state different from other civilizations?
Unlike the great empires of other civilizations, monarchies ruled people who shared a common culture and language, appealed to certain loyalties, and linked cultural and political bonds
53
How did Nation-state ideal affect the people?
- Ordinary people increasingly believed that the government should act for their interests
- The Idea of special rights of Englishmen encouraged the parliamentary movement
- Kept the west politically divided and often at war
54
Describe the Elites and the masses during the 17th century?
- witchcraft hysteria ended
- Elites made new efforts to discipline mass impulses
- Belief patterns altered as ordinary people became more open to scientific thinking and literacy increased
- European style family emerges with an emphasis on relations between family members- innovation by ordinary people
55
When did enlightenment thought begin? Where did it start? What was it influenced by?
18th century, France, Scientific revolution
56
List some ideas of the Enlightenment.
| SERFS CHIR
- Scientific methods applied to human society
- Economic equality and social reforms
- Rational laws to describe physical and social behavior
- Freedom brought progress
- Salon society spread ideas of philosophies
- Criminology and political science emerge
- Humans are naturally good,
- Intolerant religion was wrong,
- Reason was the key to truth,
57
What did Mary Wollstonecraft argue?
new political rights should extend to women
58
What were adam smith's ideas?
- Theories of free market capitalism
| - Laissez faire
59
What did Voltaire think?
argued for toleration and attacked abusive institutions
60
How did the enlightenment affect family life?
greater equality toward women and children in the home
61
What did Denis Diderot do?
encyclopedia compiled scientific and social scientific knowledge
62
What was the seven years war? How did it end?
- British vs French
- Prussia vs Austria
- England gained french lands in North AM
- Prussia gained territory at the expense of Austria
- Treaty of Paris 1763
63
Who ruled Prussia 1740-1786?
Frederick the Great
- held military and bureaucratic control
- introduced greater freedom of religion
- expanded economic function of the state
- encouraged better agricultural methods potato
- reduced traditional harsh punishments
64
Who ruled Austria
Joseph of Austria Reforms
- religious toleration
- penal codes
- peasant rights
65
Describe commercialization and economic changes to the west by 1750. PLANTMM
- Paid professional entertainment
- Land tenure changes and enclosures brought landless people in England to manufacturing centers
- Agricultural methods altered-reclamation of land (swamp drainage, nitrogen fixing crops, improved stockbreeding)
- New world crops increase food supply-potato
- Technological innovations like flying shuttle improved textile production
- Manufacturing spurred; by growth of internal and international commerce banking and financial innovations
- Mass consumerism to western society
66
Describe cultural reorientation to the west by 1750.
| PLAN
- People living longer and growing population result in earlier marriages and changes in traditional influences on gender relationships
- Literacy and middle class professions offer increasing opportunities
- All classes share an increase in standard of living
- New attitudes toward religion
67
Describe rise of the nation state in the west by 1750.
- Political diversity evolves
- Expansion of the functions of state
- Central Europe realigns balance of power
- Military rivalries result from competing powers
68
What are the reasons allowing the west to establish it's dominance in the global trad network of the 17th century?
- Withdrawal of China and Islamic world
- Ottomans not a dedicated to commerce
- Japanese isolation
- West advantage of population growth and technological innovations in seafaring
- Defeat of Ottomans Battle of Lepanto
69
What two European countries lead Europe to global dominance? And why do they do it?
Spain and Portugal
| Gold Glory God
70
Describe Portuguese exploration.
- 15th century Henry the Navigator directed explorations along the coast of Africa
- Vasco de Gama reaches india 1497
- Cabral blown off course reaches brazil
- 1514 Portuguese reach india and china
71
Describe Spanish exploration.
- 1492 columbus reaches americas
- Spain gains papal approval for claimed over most of Latin America
- Magellan circumnavigates the globe 1519
72
Describe Northern European Expeditions.
- British naval victory over Spain 1588 took initiative and left general ocean dominance to northern nations
- Dutch win control of Indonesia from Portuguese
- French, Dutch, and British receive government awarded monopolies of trade- East India Companies acted like independent political entities and gained great profits
73
How does the world economy change from exploration?
- Creation of new international pool for exchanges of food, diseases and manufactured products
- Opening of some parts of the world to European colonization
- More inclusive world economy
74
What occurs during the Columbian exchange?
- Spread of disease
- Importation of African slaves
- Biological and ecological exchange
- New world crops: corn, potato, allowed population expansion of both new and old societies
- Use of tobacco, sugar, and coffee became widespread in Europe
- European and Asian plants and Animals pass to the new world
75
Describe the other networks of exchange during exploration.
- Westerners because of their military and metallurgy, dominated trade, but didn't displace all rivals
- Asian shipping in Chinese and Japanese costal water
- Muslim Traders along east Africa
- Turks active in Eastern Mediterranean
- Africa Affected in costal areas- Europeans built fortification to protect commerce
76
What are the core nations and dependent zones?
- France, England, and Netherlands are core nations
- Dependent states in the world economy are producers of low cost raw materials and in return receive European manufactured goods
77
How does exploration affect people?
- Coercive labor systems escalate
| - Many peasants remain untouched by international markets
78
Time of troubles
- resurgence of boyars
- competing royal claims and violence destabilizes government
- ends with election of micheal Romanov in council of boyars in 1613
79
Early Romanovs
- Micheal restored order, drove out the invaders and began expansion towards Ukraine
- Alexis increased star power by abolishing authority of nobles and church. The conservatives who still believed in the church, the Old Believers, were exiled to Siberia
80
Peter the great
- Autocrat and Westernizer
- brutally suppressed opposition reforms
- recruitment of bureaucrats from outside the aristocracy-merit system
- brought western military style and eliminated noble elite guard
- secret police
- war with Sweden gave power over Baltic Sea--which brought the new capital of St.Petersburg.
- created Russian navy
- increased tax which lead peasants into Serfdom
- cultural reforms did not affect ordinary ppl and no attempt was made to form an exporting industrial economy
81
Catherine the Great
1762-1796
- used the Pugachev peasant rebellion as an excuse to extend government authority
- patronized the enlightenment ideas and banned foreign writings during French Revolution
- gained the Ottomon empires
- Colonization in Siberia and claimed in Alaska
- Partition of Poland brought Russia into the Great Power system of European politics.
82
areas outside the world economy
- East Asia did not need European products-concentrated on regional commerce
- China was uninterested and only had minimal trade in Portugese Macao
- European desired for Chinese items made China the leading recipient of silver from American Mines.
- Mughal India, Ottomons, and Safavid Persia minimal trade with Europeans
- Russia and African regions that weren't involved in the African regions weren't involved in the slave trade either
83
European Expansionist trend
17th and 18th centuries
- British and French interests compete in India to strengthen their positions against a weakened Mughal Empire
- tariffs blocked cottons from competing with British production
- Eastern Europe profits by exporting grain- large estates and landowning class succeed in reducuing serfdom in Prussia, Poland and Russia
84
Colonial Expansion-Spanish america
- Spanish conquered Aztecs and Incas
- Tenochtitlan captured and Moctezuma 2 killed- central Mexico becomes New Spain, Cuzco fell in 1533 and Lima viceroyalty formed
- Viceroyalties form basis for administration from Spain- Lima and Mexico City
85
Describe the social workings of Spanish colonies.
- Universities and printing presses provided intellectual life for upper classes
- Disease, war and mistreatment cause by the Spanish led population to decrease from 25 to 2 million
- Indians started to merge Spanish and Indian ways, creating a new society
- New social classes emerged
86
Describe the economy of Spanish colonies.
- 80% of Spanish America's population engaged in agriculture and ranching but mining was the essential activity.
- Potosi in Bolivia and Zacatecas in Mexico had the largest silver mines. SIlver for European manufactured goods made Latin America a dependant part of the world system and contributed to general European inflation
- Spanish "galleons" organized a convoy system to protect silver fleets.
87
What were the moral issues with Spanish Exploration?
- Bartolome de las Casas supported peaceful conversion of native population and opposed forced labor, advocating indian rights
- Salpueda argued against Bartholomew and believed in a natural order
88
Iberian Society and Tradition
- highly urban
- Iberian style cities
- peasants lived in small centers
- strong patriarchal ideas
- Family life based on encomiendas-system where conquistador families control land; Indians owe labor
- Religion and catholic church closely linked to state
89
Spanish classes in ranks
- peninsulares-Spaniards born in Spain
- Creoles- Spaniards born in New World
- mestizos- Mixed Spanish and Indians
- -mestizos held higher status than the Indians and the African slaves
90
Reforms of 18th century
- European intellectual ferment and shift in power balance of Europe affected administration of Spanish America.
- Over-powerful Jesuits were expelled from the empire in 1767
- New viceroyalties created for better defense and administration
- broad general reforms included removal of Creoles from upper bureaucratic positions
91
Colonial expansion; Portuguese Brazil
-Brazil became leading producer of sugar and required large amounts of labor
- Plantation colony. slaves were half of the total population in the 17th century
-1735-1760;greatest source of gold in Western world
- societal hierarchy based on color
-colony remained based on slavery
Columbian exchange; French North America -Emigrated in small numbers but increased settlement throughout high birth rate
-Catholic church had all control
- 1763- end of Seven Year War; Treaty of Paris; America had power in 1776
92
Columbian exchange; British North America
- religious refugees
- formed assemblies based upon broad male participation
- trade and manufacturing developed widely strong merchant class.
- Vigorous cultural ties with Europe led to high literacy
- Importation of slaves separated north America from Europe
- still had European styled families
- North American colonies were valued less than then the Asian or West Indian colonies due to the insignificant amount of imports and exports.
- The Indians did not form cultural relations with the British as they did in Latin America, instead the Indians moved further West and built on their culture on European horses
93
Africa and Asia; Coastal Trading Stations
- Dutch found Cape Town in 1652 as a settlement for supplying ships-settlers expanded into nearby regions fighting wars with Bantu tribes.
- Dutch east India company administered Indonesia
- Spain settled Philippines and began Christianizing activities
94
British and France in India
- Both had forts along coasts entering new phase of colonization
- Competed for control as Mughal authority declined
- Seven Years War- battles between French and British end with British victory at Plassey. French defeat destroyed their power in India
- British power increases with alliances with Indian princes and victories over Indian in Bengal
- British administration initially was limited, concluding agreements with indigenous rulers
95
Impact of European Expansion
- Colonial development affected Western Europe economically and diplomatically
- Seven Years was the first world-wide war.
- New wealth to Europe profited merchant and manufacturing classes
- New products changed life styles--once costly sugar became available to ordinary people
- African population distrubted by slave trade
- New labor systems formed in many regions
- Interactions between civilization significantly increased.
96
Rise of Russia; social
- Influences of Byzantine and Orthodox Christianity.
- Due to dominance of agriculture the gap between peasants and landlord class increased
- Serfdom became hereditary after Mongol domination.
- "Old Believers" resist government policies of religious reform.
- Position of women improved due to Westernization
97
Rise of Russia; Political
- "Third Rome" established the two pillars of Autocracy and Orthodoxy
- Times of Troubles ended with Michael Romanov as Tsar.
- Lead to expansion, military organization, control of church, and reducing power of boyars.
98
Boyars
aristocrats of Europe
99
Rise of Russia; relationships of change and continuity
- Use of secret police
- Western type military
- Expansionist policies mark continued insecurity because of vulnerability to invasion.
- Church remains backbone of government support
100
Rise of Russia; Intellectual and Cultural
- Inheritance of Byzantine architecture, language, and mosaic
- Peter brought the elite class to Westernization
- Catherine brought Enlightenment ideas to Russia but kept awau from French revolution ideas
- Educated bureaucracy had limited success.
101
Rise of Russia; Technology
- Artisan and manufacturing was rural-based
- Peter introduced Western tech. in areas of naval, military, and mining industries.
- Serfdom and agriculture practices insured the backwardness of Russian agriculture.
102
Rise of Russia; Historic influence
- Russia is influenced by Byzantine culture, language, and Orthodox religion
- Mid 14th century Duchy of Moscow liberated Russia from 250 years of Tatar rule (mongols)
- Ivan III- military and administration of Byzantine style crated large independent state.
- Third Rule after fall of Constantinople-tsar autocratic rule
- Orthodoxy and Autocracy pillars supporting the state
- Ivan the Great- tsar increases the power over boyars (nobility)
103
Ivan III
- centralized rule and imperial mission-Third Rome
- Military organization
- Claimed supervision of all Orthodox churches
- Loyalty to Russia key element in winning support
- government encouraged serfdom as a means of conciliating the nobility and of extending state control over labor
104
Ivan IV
- Ivan the Terrible
- Crippled power of boyars
- Expansion into Central Asia; use of Cossacks to occupy land
- loyal aristocrats given land grants
- Muscovy Company of England allowed limited trade with West
- Some trade with Asian neighbors
- His death brought the times of Troubles
