Unit 1 Vocab (1450-1700) Flashcards
Tribute
Resources given to a ruler or ruling group as a sign of allegiance - captured peoples often pay tribute to the conquering group
Matriarchy
Where power is passed down through the female line
Patriarchy
Where power is passed down through the male line
Primogeniture
The practice of bestowing all wealth upon the eldest son - this was common throughout Western Europe
Peasants
Poor people who lived in small villages and farmed land owned by other wealthier people - often multiple families worked together on one person’s land. Extreme poverty
Republic
A state that has no ruler or king, but is instead run by a group of people (often a guild)
Civic humanism
An idea which praises public service to the state - doing things for your country. This was especially common in republics
Renaissance
The increase in arts and learning from 1300-1450; many famous artists and thinkers came from this era
Guilds
A group of people (usually merchants or artisans) who set practices and established trade - a foundation or union
Christianity
A religion which grew out of Jewish monotheism and says that Jesus Christ was divine - 1 God
Animism
The belief that the natural world is sufficed with spiritual power - dreams and visions were seen as connections to this spirit world
Heresy
Ideas and thoughts that were inconsistent with Christian teaching - seen as the tools of Satan
Islam
A religion which considers Muhammad to be God’s last prophet - at odds with Christianity
Crusades
A series of advances intended to stop the Muslim advance into Europe - crusading armies marched into combat against Muslim peoples
Predestination
The idea that God chooses people before they are born for either salvation or damnation - Calvinist teachings
Protestant Reformation
The spreading of John Calvin’s doctrine and his ideas of Predestination throughout Europe - won many converts from all over, especially England and Scotland
Counter-Reformation
A change in the Catholic Church in response to the Protestant Reformation
Trans-Saharan Trade
Trade convoys sent across the Sahara, connecting West Africa empires to North Africa and thus to European goods
Reconquista
The campaign by the Spanish to force Muslim Arabs to leave the European continent - completed by the Spanish rulers Ferdinand II and Isabella I in 1492
Chattel slavery
The ownership of human beings as property - law in early colonies of Virginia and Maryland
Neo-Europes
Societies where colonists sought to replicate what existed in Europe at that time period
Encomiendas
What Spanish ruers gave conquistadors - allowed them to collect tribute and labor from Native Americans
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of crops, diseases, goods, people, and ideas between Europe, Africa, and America
Outwork
The European textile system in 1500 - merchants brought wool and sent it “out” to peasants to weave into cloth
Mercantilism
A system of state-assisted manufacturing to reduce imports and increase exports - Elizabeth I in England, 1500s
House of Burgesses
System of representative government in Virginia - first convened in 1619
Royal Colony
King has control of colony instead of inhabitants - him and his ministers appoint the governor and leaders to keep the colony under control - also collect taxes
Freeholds
Small farms of 30-50 acres owned by families - the original plantations
Headright System
Employed by Virginia, this guaranteed 50 acres of land to anyone who payed the passage of an immigrant - by buying more slaves and servants colonists acquired more land
Indentured Servitude
Bound people to work for others for a set amount of time, after which they’d be free
Pilgrims
Religious separationists who followed Calvin’s teachings and moved to America to escape the Anglican Church
Puritans
Protestants who did not wish to separate from the Church of England but instead to “purify” it
Joint-stock Corporations
Commercial agreement allowing investors to pool their resources - Massachusetts Bay Colony was founded by one
Toleration
Religious freedom to worship God however you chose - magistrates didn’t have authority over it
Covenant of Works
The idea that salvation could be earned through good deeds and behavior
Covenant of Grace
God only saves those destined for salvation - good deeds have no effect
Town meeting
The main institution of government, where most adult men got to vote in America
