Unit 1 vocab Flashcards
oogenis
formation or maturation of an egg
polyploidy
hereditary condition where an person has more than 2 sets of chromosomes
inversion
chromosome defect where a segment of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches in a reverse direction.
karyotype
complete set of chromosomes
gene locus
specific fixed position on a chromosome where a gene marker can be located
central dogma
theory that says gentic info flows in ONE direction
Life cycle of somatic cells
All human cells are somatic except egg and sperm (mitosis)
multifactoral disorders
stem from a combination of gene mutations and other lifestyle factors
principle of segregation
describes pairs of gene variants that separate into reproductive cells
linkage
closeness of genes and other DNA sequences (same chromosome)
principle of independent assortment
describes different genes and seperates them when reproductive cells develop.
aneuploidy
condition having an abnormal number of chromosome in haploid set
regions of a chromosome
any subdivision of a chromosome along its length.
expressivitiy
relates to intensity of a phenotype (capacity too)
translocations
genetic change where one chromosome breaks then attaches to another chromosome.
polymorphism
presence of 2 or more forms of a specific DNA sequence (can occur in populations)
gametes
mature male or female germ cell that is capable of fusing with a gamete from the opp sex.
recombination
process where DNA is broken and recombined to make new combinations
deletions
removal of at least 1 nucleotide in a gene
chromatin
complex protein and DNA in eukaryotic cells
chromosome
long strand of DNA w part or all of the genetic material
chromatid
one of the copies of chromosomes (half)
penetrance
proportion of people/individuals carrying a certain gene
spermatogenis
production/development of the sperm
alleles
variation of the nucleotides at the same place in DNA
pedigree
inheritance of certain genes/traits from the family tree
autosomes
1 of the numbered chromosome (not sex)
translation process
ribosomes synthesize proteins after transcription
sex linked trait
found strictly one type of chromosome (ex colorblindness)
types of mutations
alteration in nucleic acid sequence
nondisjunction
failure for chromosomes to separate during cell division
protein synthesis
uses protein and genetic code to transcribe and make more protein
gene splicing
to repair recombinant DNA
what is the order of mitosis
PMAT—> prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase
what are the 3 parts of interphase
G1, S, G2
is DNA normally relaxed or coiled
relaxed
what phase do chromosomes coil
prophase
when do spindle fibers appear
prophase
what stage does the nuclear membrane break down
prometaphase
when do the spindlefibers pull chromosomes towards center of cell (they attach to the middle of the chromosomes)
prometaphase
what stage do chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
metaphase
what stage are the chromatids pulled apart by the spindle fibers (opp side of cell)
anaphase
when does the nuclear envelope redevelop around the sets of chromosomes
telophase
what stage do the chromosomes begin to uncoil again
telophase
when do the spindle fibers dissemble (what phase)
telophase
what stage of the chromosomes on opposite poles of the cell
telophase
what stage do 2 identical daughter cells exist
cytokinesis
difference between codon and anticodon
codon is in mRNA , while anticodon found in tRNA
do polypeptides make proteins
yes
what does transcription do
transcription is when DNA is copied to RNA
what does translation do
translation is when RNA produces proteins
does DNA have uracil
no
does RNA have thymine
no
what is a nucleic acid
nucleic acid is a chain of nucleotides(a,t,g,c,u,)
what are the types of nucleotides
adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
What are the purines
AG (adenine and guanine)
what are the pyrimidine
TC (thymine, cytosine)
what info comes from karyotype
chromsome abnormalities can be detected. EX) birth defects, genetic diseases, and blood disorders.
what is a chromosome
structure protein and is a nucleic acid that deals w genetic info
where is the chromatin formed
histones; made of nucleosomes. Chromatin packages the DNA double helix
do chromosomes contain genes
yes
what does a chromosome do
chromosomes help carry out cellular functions
what does a chromatid do
is an identical strand (2) that make up a chromosome
are genes and DNA the same
no; DNA makes up genes
what kind of cells does mitosis make
2 diploid daughter cells
what kind of cells does meiosis make
4 haploid cells
what kind of cells are somatic cells (diploid or haploid)
diploid
what kind of cells are germ cells ( diploid or haploid)
haploid
are gametes associated with mitosis or meiosis
meiosis
