Unit 1: Unit Test Preperation Flashcards
Virus
Something that causes diseases in plants & animals (super tiny)
Is a virus living?
Non-living
- unable to live without a host
- not cellular
- must use host cells to replicate
Bacteriophage
Type of virus that infects and replicates within bacteria
Capsid
protein coat surrounding vaccine structure
Genetic material
DNA or RNA
virus vaccine structure
Capsid — protein coat
Simple membrane (sometimes)
how do vaccines work?
antibody flags virus parts for leukocytes to destroy
antibodies protect against real virus
Similarities between 2 bacterial kingdoms
- no membrane bound organelles (no nucleus)
- have singular chromosome
- have plasmids
- both can grow in aerobic and anaerobic conditions
list the two bacterial kingdoms
- Archaea
- Bacteria
Kingdom Bacteria qualities
Mesophiles (moderate conditions)
both heterotrophs and autotrophs (perform photosynthesis)
Kingdom Archaea qualifies
extremophiles — live in extreme conditions (thrive in HARSH conditions)
performs methanogenisis (makes methane as byproduct)
SOME autotrophs perform chemosynthesis
Parts of a bacterial cell
DNA plasmid
Flagellum
Pilli / Cillia
Capsule
DNA plasmid
Small circular DNA strand that codes for a single characteristic – eg. antibiotic resistance
Flagellum
allow bacteria to move
Pill / Cillia
tiny hairs
allow exchange of generic info between bacteria
Binary fission
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
occurs in ‘good’ environment with lots of food
cell grows, copies, elongates, separate
Conjunction
some bacteria can exchange DNA (plasmids) through cytoplasmic bridge
Plasmids
when bacteria have special quality (ex. natural resistance to antibiotics) and share to other bacteria
endospore formation
thick-walled protection for DNA from extremes
(when unfavourable conditions)
Bacteria in society (harmful)
Botulism (type of food poisoning by anaerobic bacteria)
bacteria in society (helpful)
oxygen production
cyanobacteria produce during photosynthesis
bacteria = natural décomposer
endosymbiosis theory
larger cell engulfs smaller cell (specialized function)
engulfed cell becomes part of large cell
characteristic of fungi
Most = multicellular with long filaments
hypae and fruiting body
asexual and sexually repro
*yeast is unicellular
structure of fungi
hyphae
mycelium
fruiting body
sporangia
hyphae
responsible for secreting digestive enzymes + absorbing them
mycelium
under soil (bulk of organism)
fruiting body
responsible for dev + spore release
sporangia
responsible for producing haploid spores
4 methods of fungi nutrition
parasitic
predatory
mutualistic
saprobrial
parasitic
absorbs nutrients from living cells of host
ex) cordyceps
predatory
soil fungi
mycelia = specializes structure (traps prey)
ex) arthrobotrys
mutualistic
partnerships with other organisms
saprobial
decompose (recycle nutrients in ecosystem)
uses of fungi
environment (decompose)
medicine
define vertebrate
Presence of a backbone and internal skeleton – notochord present
Invertebrate
Absence of a backbone – notochord absent
Notochord
Nerve cord running length of organism protected by cartilage or bone
runs along dorsal surface
transfer of info
Exoskeleton
Tough outer covering for protection (ex. lobster)
Endoskeleton
Internal skeleton (ex. humans)
Endotherm
Warm-blooded (ex. mammals)
Organisms able to maintain constant body temperature
Ectotherm
Cold-blooded (ex. lizards)
Organisms that are unable to maintain constant body temperature
Tetrapod
Four-limbed organism
Ectoderm
External layer
Mesoderm
Middle layer
ex) red blood cells
Endoderm
internal layer
ex) digestive cells
Sessile
Immobile, does not move
types of symmetry
bilateral
radial
asymmetrical
bilateral symmetry
Have complete nervous system
Asymmetrical
No body symmetry present
Coelum
Fluid-filled body cavity that provides space for the development and suspension of organs and organ systems
Autotrophs
Able to produce own energy
Heterotrophs
Must consume for energy
lytic vs lysogenic
lytic: virus replicates then release from cells
lysogenic: genetic info incorporates with host DNA
steps in lytic cycle
attachment
injection
replication
assembly
lysis
lysogenic cycle
attachment
injection
incorporation (provirus) -> trigger
replication
assembly
lysis
Protist
microscopic and unicellular
eukaryotes
found in moist environments
repro = mitosis
categories of protists
plant-like
animal-like
fungus-like
plant-like protists
contain chlorophyll (photosynthesis)
rigid silica walls
have 2 flagella
animal-like protists
all heterotrophs (some parasites)
binary repro
classified by locomotion (movement)
