Unit 1 & Unit 2 (Green Mod) Flashcards
spatial patterns (analysis tool)
they describe the general organization of phenomena on a map
what are the 2 kinds of maps?
1) reference
- political: show & describe human-made boundaries & classifications
- physical: show & label natural features
- road: show & label highways, streets + alleys
- plat: show ownership borders an information
2) thematic
- choropleth (color/shades): often give rates in specific categories
- dot distribution: used to show exact location & distribution any sign can be used in place of dots
- graduated (proportional) symbol: use signs of various shapes to represent diff. quantities of something
- isoline (isometric): show spatial changes in data by connecting points of equal value w/ lines
- cartogram: shows the sizes of countries based on a specific statistic
what are the 3 scales a map has?
1) cartographic
2) geographic
3) data represented on the map
what are the 4 ways spatial patterns can be defined?
1) location
2) distance
3) direction (cardinal and intermediate)
4) elevation (height of an area above sea level, usually measured in ft or m)
what is latitude?
the distance north OR south of the equator
what is longtitude?
the distance east OR west of the prime meridian
what’s geospatial data?
any info. that may be linked to a specific location
what 3 things can geospatial data identify?
- water shortages
- potential famine
- rising conflicts
what are the 2 ways to refer a place?
1) site: characteristics at the immediate location
2) situation: the location of a place relative to its surroundings + connectivitiy to other places
what’s the term used for when a place inspires no strong ties in ppl or lacks uniqueness?
placelessness
what’s toponym?
referring to a location by name
what’s time-space compression?
the decreasing “time-distance”, or relative distance between locations as a result of developments in communication + transportation technologies
what’s the increasing connection between places reflected in the growth of?
spatial interaction
what’s spatial interaction?
the contact, movement + flow of things between locations
what’s the term used to describe the inverse relationship between connection + distance?
distance decay
define distance decay (also known as Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration)
impact of distance indicates things tend to be less connected the father apart they are
what are the 4 concepts through which human-environmental interaction can be understood thru?
1) natural resources
2) sustainability
3) land use
4) built-environment
what is culture ecology the study of?
how humans adapt to the environment
define environmental determinism.
the belief that landforms + climate are the most powerful forces shaping human behaviour + societal development while ignoring the influence of culture
define possibilism
the idea that while environment can limit actions, ppl can adapt + make choices to overcome these limits
what are the 5 diff. scales of analysis?
1) global
2) world regional
3) national
4) national regional
5) local
define world regional.
multiple countries of the world
(north America, south Asia)
define national regional.
portion of a country or a region(s) within a country
(Midwest, Eastern China)
define data aggregation
when you group detailed data into large categories to make it easier to understand
define formal regions
sometimes called UNIFORM or HOMOGENOUS regions + united by 1 or more traits like political, physical, cultural, and economic
define functional (or nodal) regions
are organized around a focal point + defined by an activity usually political, social, economic that occurs across a region
what are functional (or nodal) regions united by?
- networks of communication
- transportation
- and other interactions
what are perceptual regions defined by (also known as vernacular)
the informal sense of place that ppl describe to them
what do perceptual regions exact boundaries depend on?
the person who is defining them
define world sub regions.
a sub region shares some characteristics w/ the rest of the larger region but its distinctive in some ways
why do most live in the midaltitudes?
- moderate climates
- better soils
does the southern hemisphere have more land or the nothern?
no, the nothern hemisphere does
which 3 factors’ relevance changes as the scale of analysis changes?
- climate
- elevation
- industrialization
define social stratification
the classification of ppl into groups based on economic status, power, and/or culture
why do developed countries have lower agricultural densities compares to less-developed countries?
bc farmers have resources + technology to produce large quantities of food w/ few workers
what 2 things are economic decisions based on?
population distribution + density (same for political processes)
what 3 things can the population characteristics of a region affect?
- no. of government services
- no. of private services
- location of said services
define carrying capacity
no. of ppl a region can support without damaging the environment
what 3 things can cause differences in the gender balance?
- wars
- migrations
- gov. policies
in a population pyramid, what does a wide base indicate?
a large percentage of children + large families
what are baby booms usually associated with?
the end of a war
what does echo cohorts refer to?
the children of the baby boomers
define RNI (Rate of Natural Increase)
percentage at which a country’s population is growing or declining, without the impact of migration
what do anti-natalist policies attempt to do?
decrease the no. of births in a country (often used by developing countries)
according to WHO, what 3 things should be changed in order to increase the perceived value of girls?
- promoting equal education
- allowing women to own property
- changing attitudes about gender roles
why do women who follow traditional beliefs have higher fertility rates than those who don’t?
- less likely to use birth control
- less likely to be employed outside the home
what are the 2 primary reasons for the increasing average ages in populations?
1) longer life expectancy
2) lower CBR’s
define voluntary migration
occurs when ppl choose to relocate
define IDPs (internally displaced persons)?
migrants move to another part of the same country
define counter (or inverse) migration
each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction
define transnational migration
when ppl move from one country to another, or internationally
list the 2 types of refugees
1) political
2) environmental
define chain migration
migrants move to areas where others from their home country have already settled
define guest workers
transnational migrants who relocate to a new country to provide labor that isn’t avaliable locally
define transhumance
process of herders moving w/ their animals to diff. pastures during diff. seasons
define the Homstead Act policy
a program in which the U.S gov. gave land to settlers willing to stay and farm it for 5 years
what does the Gulf Cooperation Council guest-worker policies do?
regulates the number of workers who can temporarily enter each country to work in specific industries for a set of time
define the policy: family reunification
policies that allow migrants to sponser family members who migrate to the country
define xenophobia
a strong dislike of ppl of another culture
why do countries sometimes restrict immigration? include an example.
in an attempt to preserve their own cultural homogenity (sameness)
- ex: Japan
what is a benefit of migration?
immigrants can afford to make remittances (money sent to their family + friends in the country they left)
define brain drain
when migration out of a country is made up of highly skilled ppl
list the 3 types of population density.
1) arithmetic (also known as population density or
crude population density)
2) physiological
3) agricultural
Agricultural density
the number of farms per unit of arable land
which out the 3 types of population densities is more useful in determining a region’s carrying capacity?
physiological
what countries with high physiological densities, like Egypt and Japan, struggle with?
struggle to grow enough food due to limited arable land which makes them rely on imported food & fishing to supplement their food supply
(Japan can more easily afford food imports compared to less-developed countries like Egypt)
What’s population (also called arithmetic) density?
the number of people per square mile or per square kilometer
Physiological density
the number of people per unit of arable (farmable) land
Why’s physiological density important?
It shows pressure on farmland.
High values indicate land scarcity, such as in Egypt.
Lower values, this means each individual or citizen in your country has more access to lands that could be used for the agricultural sector.
What trends are observed in RNI?
High RNI: Found in developing countries with rapid population growth (e.g., Niger, DR Congo).
Low/Negative RNI: Seen in developed countries with slow or declining population growth (e.g., Japan, Germany).
What is Total Fertility Rate (TFR)?
The avg. number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime, focusing on women in their childbearing years (ages 15-49).
A TFR of 2.1 is considered the number needed to maintain a stable population.
How does TFR vary by development level?
High TFR → LDCs with young populations (e.g., sub-Saharan Africa)
Low TFR → MDCs with aging populations (e.g., Japan, Italy)
What is life expectancy?
The avg. number of years a person is expected to live which is higher in MDCs, lower in LDCs.
How do population growth patterns differ?
Arithmetic Growth: Increase is a constant number (using addition of the same number).
Exponential Growth: Increase is a constant factor (using multiplication of the same number).
What’s doubling time?
The time it takes for a population to double.
Faster growth = shorter doubling time (e.g., Nigeria)
Slower growth = longer doubling time (e.g., Germany, Japan).
What’s the dependency ratio?
People under 15 and above 64
What’s the impact of a high dependency ratio?
It causes economic strain on workers due to pensions, healthcare, or education costs.
How do daily population variations work?
New York City’s population doubles during work hours as commuters enter the city.
How are population trends connected?
- TFR affects the dependency ratio.
- Physiological density links to carrying capacity.
- CBR & CDR influence RNI.
What’s the Rule of 70 used for?
To estimate the time it takes for a population to double.
Demographic Transition Model
shows how the decline in death rates produced a growth in population & eventually a decline in birth rates
Crude Birth Rate
number of births per 1000
Crude Death Rate
number of deaths per 1000
Stage 1: High Stationary (DTM)’s CBRs, CDRs & RNI
extremely high CBRs
- cultural preferences
- contraceptives
extremely high CDRs
- lack of sanitation/medicine
- animal attacks
- war
- famine
Very Low RNI as the high death rates cancel out the high birth rates.
Stage 2: Early Expanding (DTM)’s CBRs, CDRs & RNI
birth rate: high, as large families are still desired, but fluctuating
falling CDRs
- increased sanitation/medicine
- increased life expectancy
- falling infant mortality rates
Very High RNI
Stage 3: Late Expanding (DTM)’s CBRs, CDRs & RNI
birth rate: declining
- urbanization decreases the need for child labor
- women enter workforce & seek educational
opportunities
death rate: declining but not as fast as in previous stages
Moderate RNI
Stage 4: Low Stationary (DTM)’s CBRs, CDRs & RNI
birth rate: low but enough to keep the population stable
- women delay marriage & seek educational
opportunities
- increased contraceptive use
- family planning
death rate: low & stable
- higher incomes lead to better health outcomes
No RNI = 0
Stage 5: Declining (DTM)’s CBRs, CDRs & RNI
birth rate: so low it falls below the death rate
- couples choosing not to have kids
death rate: low, sometimes increasing as the population changes
- increasing due to aging populations and
lifestyle changes in urban areas.
RNI = neg. or close to 0, as birth rates are low &
death rates may rise.
Epidemiological Transition Model
extension of the DTM & explains of the changing death rates + more common causes of deaths within societies.
What partly explains the increase in life expectancy in the U.S?
the percentage of adults who smoke has declined in the last 5 decades from approximately 40% to under 15%.
what does Abdel Omran’s ETM identify?
predictable stages in disease & life expectancy that countries experience as they develop.
Malthusian Theory
Malthus analyzed the relationship between natural resource use & concluded that society was on a path toward massive starvation.
What was Malthus referring to by ‘overpopulation’?
since population would grow faster than food production, the world’s population would soon be unsupportable or referred to by Malthus as overpopulation.
Boserup theory
the more people there are, the more hands there are to work, rather than just more mouths to feed.
What did Boserup up also argue?
As population increases, pressure on agriculture stimulates invention, leading to more food production.
Neo-Malthusians argue population growth will:
- deplete nonrenewable resources
- lead to pollution of air & water
- cause food shortages
These issue could result in social, political, economic & environmental catastrophe.
What combination of 3 things are powerful in reducing TFRs?
- access to family planning
- educational attainment of girls
- resulting gains in economic wealth for women
What does Zelinsky’s theory, called the migration transition model, argue?
that countries in Stage 2 & 3 experience rapid population growth & overcrowding.
this overcrowding limits the economic opportunities of the people & act as a push factor.
thus, they migrate to less-crowded Stages 4 & 5 countries, which offer greater economic opportunities w/ growing economies & aging populations.
Intervening opportunities
opportunities that disrupt a migrant’s original migration plan.
as the distance between 2 locations increases, the pull ,or gravity, weakens & the person may choose a closer place to migrate to. So, if the distance is equal between 2 zones, where will people go?
to the zone with larger population & larger area size.
step migration
a process in which migrants reach their eventual decision through a series of smaller moves
Rural to Urban
because of the Industrial Revolution, rural areas needed fewer laborers on farms & cities needed more people to work, first in factories & then in offices.
What factors affect carrying capacity?
- Food availability
- water supply
- natural resources.
what does a large difference between arithmetic & physiological densities indicate?
a small % of a region’s farm is capable of growing crops
What will the physiological density look like if you’re in a desert?
there may be high numbers of people per arable land because there’s very little arable (farmable) land, so the density would be very high.
what does the ‘natural’ in RNI refer to?
it refers to the fact that only births & deaths are considered in this number, not migration.
IMR (Infant Mortality Rate)
refers to how many babies under 1 year of age die in each year compared to live births.
- this can tell us about the health of a society
What did Thomas Malthus warn us about?
that population would outpace food supply because population grows exponentially while food supply grows arithmetically
What is an advantage & disadvantage about Malthus’ theory?
His theory on population growth can help us understand the challenges of population growth & food production.
He was unable to predict the advancements humans would make in food production & the slowing of population growth as countries move through the DTM.
Therefore, his theory has value today but is limited by his historical perspective.
What can countries look at to assess the health of women?
by looking at the MMR (Maternal Mortality Rate), or the annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to pregnancy
