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BIOL 241 > Unit 1 Topic 1 - Classification > Flashcards

Unit 1 Topic 1 - Classification Flashcards

1
Q

Scala Naturae

A

Natural order - set benchmark on how we think about life

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2
Q

Systema Naturae

A

Inspired Linneaeus

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3
Q

What did Carolus Linnaeus do?

A

Published the kingdom classification system. First modern practitioner of taxonomy.

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4
Q

Taxonomy

A

Grouping system based on shared observable anatomical characteristics.

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5
Q

Traditional 5-kingdom classification system

A

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

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6
Q

Monera

A

Unicellular, no nucleus

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7
Q

Protista

A

Unicellular, has nucleus

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8
Q

Fungi

A

Uni/multicellular, has nucleus, decomposers

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9
Q

Plantae

A

Multicellular, has nucleus, photosynthetic

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10
Q

Animalia

A

Multicellular, has nucleus, heterotrophic

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11
Q

How were organisms classified in the 5-kingdom system?

A

Similarities/differences in observable morphology (anatomical observations) and nutritional requirements of organisms

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12
Q

All life has genes for

A

rRNA which becomes part of ribosome

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13
Q

Evolution is a result of

A

Mutations (permanent changes in DNA sequence) that occur over time

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14
Q

When comparing the rRNA gene sequence in closely related species, there are

A

The fewest differences

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15
Q

When comparing the rRNA gene sequence among distant species, there are

A

More differences

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16
Q

3-Domain Classification System

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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17
Q

LUCA

A

Last Universal Common Ancestor

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18
Q

The old kingdom Monera was split up into

A

Bacteria and Archaea in the new 3-Domain Classification system

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19
Q

Domain Bacteria

A

Prokaryotic (no nucleus), single-celled, cell walls made of peptidoglycan, radius/length of 1-5 micrometers

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20
Q

Domain Archaea

A

Prokaryotic (no nucleus), single-celled, cell walls made of pseudopeptidoglycan, radius/length of 1-5 micrometers

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21
Q

Domain Eukarya

A

Eukaryotic, single or multicellular, cells walls (if present) made of cellulose or chitin, a single eukaryotic cell is 10x larger than a prokaryotic cell

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22
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Have multiple linear DNA molecules, 80s ribosomes, has a plasma (cell) membrane, has cytosol, endomembrane system (chloroplasts, ER, Golgi, nucleus), and large

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23
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Single circular DNA molecule, 70s ribosomes, has plasma (cell) membrane, cytosol, no membrane-bound organelles, very small

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24
Q

5 Kingdom Taxonomic Hierarchy

A 
Kingdom (most general)
Phylum
Class 
Order
Family 
Genus
Species (most specific)
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25
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

Genus species

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26
Q

Why are prokaryotic cells so small?

A

Because of diffusion rates - small cells have a greater surface area to volume ratio. As cells get larger, the SA:V decreases.

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27
Q

A cell’s surface is

A

The plasma membrane (where nutrients enter and energy is made - ATP)

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28
Q

Cells use surface area (membrane) to

A

Acquire nutrients and generate energy (ATP) to support entire volume of cell

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29
Q

What remains the same, no matter the size of the cell?

A

Membrane transport rates, energy generation rates, diffusion rates

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30
Q

How can Eukaryotes be large?

A

Endomembrane system increases the internal membrane surface area

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31
Q

Why is the internal membrane system useful?

A

It can store nutrients and generate energy where we need it (mitochondria does this)

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32
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

Different species exchange genetic information

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33
Q

Endosymbiosis literal definition

A 
Endo = within
Symbiosis = living together
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34
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

Host cell was an Archaea (energy starved) and symbiont cell was a Bacteria (good at aerobic respiration)

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35
Q

What happened in endosymbiosis?

A

Symbiont cell went inside of host cell and evolved into Eukaryote
(Archaea got ATP while Bacteria got protection)

36
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory

A

Some Eukaryotic organelles were originally independent prokaryotic cells that eventually lost the ability to exist independently

37
Q

Mitochondria (endosymbiotic theory)

A

Likely formed when 2 organisms (now extinct) formed a relationship that was beneficial for both and is now permanent

38
Q

What other organelle underwent endosymbiosis?

A

Chloroplasts

39
Q

Evidence for Endosymbiotic Theory

A
  1. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the same size as modern prokaryotes
  2. Have a single, circular DNA molecule
  3. Divide by binary fission
  4. Have a gene(s) for 70S ribosomes
  5. Many other (endo)symbiotic associations exist
40
Q

What is an example of (end)symbiotic association that we saw during the lecture?

A

Boxer crab uses anemone to pick up food (like pom-poms)

41
Q

Organisms can be classified by metabolism, in 2 categories

A

Energy and carbon

42
Q

Phototroph

A

“Light-eater”

43
Q

Chemotroph

A

“Chemical-eater”

44
Q

Chemoorganotroph

A

Organic molecules (2 or more C atoms)

45
Q

Chemolithotroph

A

Inorganic molecules (1 or less C atoms)

46
Q

What are some examples of inorganic molecules that chemolithotrophs use?

A

CO2, CN, CH4, Fe, SO4, NO3

47
Q

Autotroph

A

Self-eaters (make organic molecules from inorganic molecules)

48
Q

Heterotroph

A

Other eaters (eat organic molecules by eating autotrophs or other heterotrophs)

49
Q

Chemoorganoheterotroph

A

Use organic compounds for energy and as a carbon source (e.g. humans, animals, etc.)

50
Q

Chemoorganoautotroph

A

Use energy from organic compounds and carbon from CO2 - break down organic molecules and use this energy to fix CO2

51
Q

Chemolithoheterotroph

A

Use inorganic compounds as an energy source and reduced organic compounds as a carbon source

52
Q

Chemolithoautotroph

A

Use inorganic compounds as an energy source and carbon source

53
Q

Photoheterotroph

A

Depend on light for most of its energy and on organic compounds for carbon

54
Q

Photoautotroph

A

Make their own energy using light and CO2 (e.g. plants)

55
Q

Who was the first person to observe and describe cells?

A

Robert Hooke

56
Q

Which structure controls the movement of substances into and out of cells?

A

Plasma membrane

57
Q

In most prokaryotes, the plasma membrane of cells is surrounded by a rigid external layer called a

A

Cell wall

58
Q

In eukaryotic cells, what separates the nucleus from the surrounding cytoplasm?

A

Nuclear envelope

59
Q

Where are the proteins made in the rough ER modified and sorted for shipping?

A

In the golgi complex

60
Q

Energy rich molecules are broken down to release their energy. Where does this occur?

A

In the mitochondria

61
Q

What is a physically supportive structure within cells?

A

Cytoskeleton

62
Q

What are relatively short and numerous motile structures that are found on eukaryotic cells?

A

Cilia

63
Q

In plant cells, which structure is used to store carbohydrates?

A

Central vacuole

64
Q

Where are gap junctions found?

A

Between animal cells in a tissue

65
Q

Which of the following is a component of the cell theory?
A. Cells contain genetic material
B. New cells arise from pre-existing cells
C. The cell is the largest unit of life
D. Living and non living things are composed of cells

A

B. New cells arise from pre-existing cells

66
Q

What function is performed by both bacterial pili and capsule?

A

Attachment to surfaces and other cells

67
Q

What structure propels prokaryotic cells through liquid?

A

The flagella

68
Q

What is a characteristic of the nuclear envelope?

A

It contains hundreds of protein complexes containing nucleoporins

69
Q

What occurs in the Golgi complex?

A

Chemical modification of proteins

70
Q

What is NOT true about lysosomes?
A. They fuse with phagocytic vesicles
B. They are found in both animal and plant cells
C. They are important in the process of autophagy
D. They may be associated with human disease

A

B. They are found in both animal and plant cells

71
Q

What is associated with the cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules

72
Q

Which structure is responsible for storage of starch in plant cells?

A

Amyloplasts

73
Q

What is stored in a plastid and in the central vacuole in plants?

A

Red and yellow pigments

74
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells, enabling transport and communication between them

75
Q

Gap junctions

A

Specialized intercellular connection between animal cell-types. They directly connect the cytoplasm of 2 cells, allowing molecules, ions and electrical impulses to directly pass through a regulated gate.

76
Q

Anchoring junctions

A

Cell junctions that are anchored to one another and attached to components of the extra cellular matrix. Important for keeping cells together and structural cohesion of tissues.

77
Q

Tight junctions

A

Multi protein junctional complexes that prevent leakage of transported solutes and water

78
Q

Example of where tight junctions would exist

A

Stomach lining

79
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

A lipid bilateral in which transport proteins are embedded

80
Q

What is chromatin?

A

A combination of DNA and proteins. A specialized segment of chromatic forms the nucleolus (where ribosomal RNA molecules are made and combined with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes)

81
Q

True or false: Archaea are prokaryotic organisms

A

True

82
Q

True or false: all eukaryotic organisms are multicellular organisms

A

False

83
Q

True or false: all bacteria are prokaryotic organisms

A

True

84
Q

True or false: all archaea are prokaryotic organisms

A

True

85
Q 
Which of following is a characteristic of prokaryotic cells but not of eukaryotic cells?
A. Presence of a cell wall
B. Being unicellular 
C. Having ribosomes
D. No membrane-bound nucleus
A

D. No membrane-bound nucleus

86
Q

According to Endosymbiotic Theory:
A. An ancient eukaryotic evolved into modern Bacteria and Archaea
B. Some eukaryotic organelles are really modern bacteria infecting the cells
C. Eukaryotic cells are Archaea-Bacteria hybrids
D. Extraterrestrials engineered life on Earth

A

C. Eukaryotic cells are Archaea-Bacteria hybrids

87
Q

A new species that uses organism molecules from its environment as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source would be classified as:

A

A chemoorganoautotroph

BIOL 241 (2 decks)

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