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BIOL 241 > Unit 1 Topic 1 - Classification > Flashcards

Unit 1 Topic 1 - Classification Flashcards

1
Q

Scala Naturae

A

Natural order - set benchmark on how we think about life

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2
Q

Systema Naturae

A

Inspired Linneaeus

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3
Q

What did Carolus Linnaeus do?

A

Published the kingdom classification system. First modern practitioner of taxonomy.

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4
Q

Taxonomy

A

Grouping system based on shared observable anatomical characteristics.

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5
Q

Traditional 5-kingdom classification system

A

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

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6
Q

Monera

A

Unicellular, no nucleus

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7
Q

Protista

A

Unicellular, has nucleus

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8
Q

Fungi

A

Uni/multicellular, has nucleus, decomposers

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9
Q

Plantae

A

Multicellular, has nucleus, photosynthetic

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10
Q

Animalia

A

Multicellular, has nucleus, heterotrophic

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11
Q

How were organisms classified in the 5-kingdom system?

A

Similarities/differences in observable morphology (anatomical observations) and nutritional requirements of organisms

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12
Q

All life has genes for

A

rRNA which becomes part of ribosome

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13
Q

Evolution is a result of

A

Mutations (permanent changes in DNA sequence) that occur over time

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14
Q

When comparing the rRNA gene sequence in closely related species, there are

A

The fewest differences

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15
Q

When comparing the rRNA gene sequence among distant species, there are

A

More differences

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16
Q

3-Domain Classification System

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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17
Q

LUCA

A

Last Universal Common Ancestor

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18
Q

The old kingdom Monera was split up into

A

Bacteria and Archaea in the new 3-Domain Classification system

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19
Q

Domain Bacteria

A

Prokaryotic (no nucleus), single-celled, cell walls made of peptidoglycan, radius/length of 1-5 micrometers

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20
Q

Domain Archaea

A

Prokaryotic (no nucleus), single-celled, cell walls made of pseudopeptidoglycan, radius/length of 1-5 micrometers

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21
Q

Domain Eukarya

A

Eukaryotic, single or multicellular, cells walls (if present) made of cellulose or chitin, a single eukaryotic cell is 10x larger than a prokaryotic cell

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22
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Have multiple linear DNA molecules, 80s ribosomes, has a plasma (cell) membrane, has cytosol, endomembrane system (chloroplasts, ER, Golgi, nucleus), and large

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23
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Single circular DNA molecule, 70s ribosomes, has plasma (cell) membrane, cytosol, no membrane-bound organelles, very small

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24
Q

5 Kingdom Taxonomic Hierarchy

A 
Kingdom (most general)
Phylum
Class 
Order
Family 
Genus
Species (most specific)
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25
Binomial nomenclature
Genus species
26
Why are prokaryotic cells so small?
Because of diffusion rates - small cells have a greater surface area to volume ratio. As cells get larger, the SA:V decreases.
27
A cell’s surface is
The plasma membrane (where nutrients enter and energy is made - ATP)
28
Cells use surface area (membrane) to
Acquire nutrients and generate energy (ATP) to support entire volume of cell
29
What remains the same, no matter the size of the cell?
Membrane transport rates, energy generation rates, diffusion rates
30
How can Eukaryotes be large?
Endomembrane system increases the internal membrane surface area
31
Why is the internal membrane system useful?
It can store nutrients and generate energy where we need it (mitochondria does this)
32
Horizontal gene transfer
Different species exchange genetic information
33
Endosymbiosis literal definition
``` Endo = within Symbiosis = living together ```
34
Endosymbiosis
Host cell was an Archaea (energy starved) and symbiont cell was a Bacteria (good at aerobic respiration)
35
What happened in endosymbiosis?
Symbiont cell went inside of host cell and evolved into Eukaryote (Archaea got ATP while Bacteria got protection)
36
Endosymbiotic Theory
Some Eukaryotic organelles were originally independent prokaryotic cells that eventually lost the ability to exist independently
37
Mitochondria (endosymbiotic theory)
Likely formed when 2 organisms (now extinct) formed a relationship that was beneficial for both and is now permanent
38
What other organelle underwent endosymbiosis?
Chloroplasts
39
Evidence for Endosymbiotic Theory
1. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the same size as modern prokaryotes 2. Have a single, circular DNA molecule 3. Divide by binary fission 4. Have a gene(s) for 70S ribosomes 5. Many other (endo)symbiotic associations exist
40
What is an example of (end)symbiotic association that we saw during the lecture?
Boxer crab uses anemone to pick up food (like pom-poms)
41
Organisms can be classified by metabolism, in 2 categories
Energy and carbon
42
Phototroph
"Light-eater"
43
Chemotroph
"Chemical-eater"
44
Chemoorganotroph
Organic molecules (2 or more C atoms)
45
Chemolithotroph
Inorganic molecules (1 or less C atoms)
46
What are some examples of inorganic molecules that chemolithotrophs use?
CO2, CN, CH4, Fe, SO4, NO3
47
Autotroph
Self-eaters (make organic molecules from inorganic molecules)
48
Heterotroph
Other eaters (eat organic molecules by eating autotrophs or other heterotrophs)
49
Chemoorganoheterotroph
Use organic compounds for energy and as a carbon source (e.g. humans, animals, etc.)
50
Chemoorganoautotroph
Use energy from organic compounds and carbon from CO2 - break down organic molecules and use this energy to fix CO2
51
Chemolithoheterotroph
Use inorganic compounds as an energy source and reduced organic compounds as a carbon source
52
Chemolithoautotroph
Use inorganic compounds as an energy source and carbon source
53
Photoheterotroph
Depend on light for most of its energy and on organic compounds for carbon
54
Photoautotroph
Make their own energy using light and CO2 (e.g. plants)
55
Who was the first person to observe and describe cells?
Robert Hooke
56
Which structure controls the movement of substances into and out of cells?
Plasma membrane
57
In most prokaryotes, the plasma membrane of cells is surrounded by a rigid external layer called a
Cell wall
58
In eukaryotic cells, what separates the nucleus from the surrounding cytoplasm?
Nuclear envelope
59
Where are the proteins made in the rough ER modified and sorted for shipping?
In the golgi complex
60
Energy rich molecules are broken down to release their energy. Where does this occur?
In the mitochondria
61
What is a physically supportive structure within cells?
Cytoskeleton
62
What are relatively short and numerous motile structures that are found on eukaryotic cells?
Cilia
63
In plant cells, which structure is used to store carbohydrates?
Central vacuole
64
Where are gap junctions found?
Between animal cells in a tissue
65
Which of the following is a component of the cell theory? A. Cells contain genetic material B. New cells arise from pre-existing cells C. The cell is the largest unit of life D. Living and non living things are composed of cells
B. New cells arise from pre-existing cells
66
What function is performed by both bacterial pili and capsule?
Attachment to surfaces and other cells
67
What structure propels prokaryotic cells through liquid?
The flagella
68
What is a characteristic of the nuclear envelope?
It contains hundreds of protein complexes containing nucleoporins
69
What occurs in the Golgi complex?
Chemical modification of proteins
70
What is NOT true about lysosomes? A. They fuse with phagocytic vesicles B. They are found in both animal and plant cells C. They are important in the process of autophagy D. They may be associated with human disease
B. They are found in both animal and plant cells
71
What is associated with the cytoskeleton?
Microtubules
72
Which structure is responsible for storage of starch in plant cells?
Amyloplasts
73
What is stored in a plastid and in the central vacuole in plants?
Red and yellow pigments
74
Plasmodesmata
Microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells, enabling transport and communication between them
75
Gap junctions
Specialized intercellular connection between animal cell-types. They directly connect the cytoplasm of 2 cells, allowing molecules, ions and electrical impulses to directly pass through a regulated gate.
76
Anchoring junctions
Cell junctions that are anchored to one another and attached to components of the extra cellular matrix. Important for keeping cells together and structural cohesion of tissues.
77
Tight junctions
Multi protein junctional complexes that prevent leakage of transported solutes and water
78
Example of where tight junctions would exist
Stomach lining
79
What is the plasma membrane?
A lipid bilateral in which transport proteins are embedded
80
What is chromatin?
A combination of DNA and proteins. A specialized segment of chromatic forms the nucleolus (where ribosomal RNA molecules are made and combined with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes)
81
True or false: Archaea are prokaryotic organisms
True
82
True or false: all eukaryotic organisms are multicellular organisms
False
83
True or false: all bacteria are prokaryotic organisms
True
84
True or false: all archaea are prokaryotic organisms
True
85
``` Which of following is a characteristic of prokaryotic cells but not of eukaryotic cells? A. Presence of a cell wall B. Being unicellular C. Having ribosomes D. No membrane-bound nucleus ```
D. No membrane-bound nucleus
86
According to Endosymbiotic Theory: A. An ancient eukaryotic evolved into modern Bacteria and Archaea B. Some eukaryotic organelles are really modern bacteria infecting the cells C. Eukaryotic cells are Archaea-Bacteria hybrids D. Extraterrestrials engineered life on Earth
C. Eukaryotic cells are Archaea-Bacteria hybrids
87
A new species that uses organism molecules from its environment as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source would be classified as:
A chemoorganoautotroph

BIOL 241 (2 decks)

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