Unit 1: The travel and tourism industry Flashcards
Leisure Tourists
Tourists that visit for pleasure in their free time and engage in leisure-related activities, paid with their own economic resources.
As they are on HOLIDAY.
Leisure Tourists Examples
Day trippers, Holiday takers, Short break & overnight visitors.
Business Tourists
High spending tourists that travel for attendance at conferences, sales trip & trade shows.
They usually make extensive use of premium air fares and luxury hotel rooms.
Business Tourists Examples
MICE; Meetings, Incentives, Conferences & Exhibitions.
Visiting Friends & Relatives
Travelling for family occasions such as funerals, weddings or birth.
Can be the purpose of leisure, holidays or recreation.
Sub-Sectors of the Travel & Tourism Industry
Tour Operators, Travel Agents, Accommodation & Catering, Tourist Information & Guiding Services, Attractions and Transportation.
Role of Travel Agents
Tourism Service Suppliers for airlines, rail companies, hotels, etc.
The main role is to sell holidays, ancillary products, advise customers & provide information
Role of Tour Operators
They combine tour & travel components to create a package holiday at a lower price than if components are bought separately.
- combining a number of inter-related tourism products and services that together offer a comprehensive experience for travellers.
Role of Accommodation Providers
They provide a variety of accommodation types to suit a wide range of tourists
e.g. hotel, motel, holiday homes, guesthouse, hostel, holiday village, bed & breakfast.
Role of Catering Outlets
They satisfy a tourists’ basic needs in any specific destination or resort - food and beverage facilities that provide regional & traditional menus.
Role of Transport Providers
They improve the transport facilities & develop them to make the destination accessible to their markets.Lack of accessibility can break a destination.
They either offer 3 modes of transport:
- Air; Airlines
- Water; Ferry Operators/Cruise Companies
- Land; Railway Companies/Coaches/Car Rentals
Role of Attractions
They draw tourists’ attention to a destination by providing opportunities for relaxation, amusement, entertainment and education.
Types:
Natural - landscape features, lakes, forests, mountains.
Built - animal parks, historic sites, theme parks.
Role of Entertainment Venues
Without these venues there would be no need of other tourism services. Thus, making it the driving force for tourism and its development.
These venues are made to make the audience engaged & captivated.
e.g. museums, sport stadium, theatres, etc.
Role of tourist information & guiding services
They escort groups of visitors around monuments, sites or city. They provide information of the history and geography of the area in the visitor’s language heritage and environment through an entertaining and inspiring method
Tourist Information Centres
They carry a wide range of promotional leaflets, brochures, guide books and other materials relating to the local region.
They are commonly found at pints of entry or central locations within major tourist areas such as airports/railway stations.
Role of Ancillary Tourist Services
They provide many opportunities for intermediaries to offer additional travel products and services to their customers.
e.g. travel insurance, range of local souvenirs, publications & postcards.
Role of Tourist Boards
They increase the value of inbound tourism to a particular country by identifying a series of objectives and facilitating strategies for their implementation.
Role of National Tourism Organisations
NTOs exert control and influence from above while local or regional tourist boards will be in the front line of delivering services to given destination visitors.
+Economic Impacts of Tourism
Increase in employment rate - tourism creates diversified employment opportunities in different sectors like accommodation, travel agencies, catering, transport services.
Improved local ecnomy - tourist spendings helps generate income and stimulate the investment necessary to financial growth in other economic sectors
Improved infrastructure - when profit comes through visitor spendings, the country would invest improving roads, public facilities which can help benefit a tourists experience and the citizens’ lifestyle.
Tourism Multiplier Effect
Creates jobs and growth in the primary, secondary & tertiary sectors of the business.
How many times money spent by a tourists circulates through a country’s economy.
-Economic Impacts
Import Leakage - due to high consumption from tourists, the country may no longer be able to supply equipment & food to its citizens, other countries & tourists as it may run out.
Export Leakage - overseas investors who finance the hotels & resorts take their profits back to their country of origin.
Tax Inflation - the costs of day-to-day products like water & food purchased by locals will be expensive.
+Environmental Impacts of Tourism
Conservation & Preservation - saving of endangered places and species by creating sanctuaries.
Investment - using money gained through tourist spendings to help invest in preserving the area.
Visitor Management - controlling the number of visitors in a certain area to avoid congestion and noise pollution.
-Environmental Impacts of Tourism
Air Pollution - due to excessive use of air & road transport, increasing risk of cardio-respiratory death by 2-3% day by day.
Water Pollution - water becomes more contaminated by littering by large amount of tourists. Sewage and oil spills discharged from cruise ships pollute the water bodies.
Vegetation - scarce resources such as food in the local area due to high number of tourists visiting to dine in the local cuisine.
+Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism
Awareness of cultural exchange - tourists & locals can explore cultures & traditions of the area.
Boost for cultural conservation - through traditional activities, teaching of woodcraft and carving, cultural & historic sites, the local area’s culture and historic can be preserved.
-Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism
Demonstration Effect - the local population of the country may gain influence from tourist behaviours, reducing culture conservation and loss of national identity.
Globalisation - rapid transfer of money, people, information, technology & materials around the globe. This cause tourists to look for similar products or services instead of cultural and traditional alternatives.
Culture Clash - tourists may unintentionally break laws or disrespect the culture’s customs and moral values of the host country.
Aims & Objectives of National Governments in forming tourism policy and promotion
Economic - attract tourists the contribute to the multiplier effect, increase currency exchange and GDP, decrease unemployment rate.
Political - create a regional or national identity to boost domestic morale & attract more visitors.
Socio-Cultural - providing facilities to locals & tourists, promote understanding of cultures between tourists & locals.
Environmental - regenerating & conserving built & natural attractions.
