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Principles of Atonmy > Unit 1: The Skeletal System > Flashcards

Unit 1: The Skeletal System Flashcards

To understand the skeletal system & effects of exercise

1
Q

What are the 2 main structures of the skeletal system?

A

Bone (206 bones in the body)

Cartilage (dense, durable, tough fibrous connective tissue)

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of Cartilage?

A

Hyaline - Found at the end of the long bones that meet to form the synovial joint (the tissue that forms the temporary skeleton of the foetus which is eventually replaced by bone when calcium is deposited)

Elastic - Ability to regain & return to orginal shape. (Similar to Hyaline but has more fibres & most are made up of elastin as opposed to collagen.)

Fibrocartilage - Thicker & stronger than any other type but limited distribution within the body & acts as a shock absorber in cartilaginous joints.

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3
Q

What are the 2 sections of the spine?

A

Axial Skelton - Bones that form the main frame I.e the spine, ribs & skull

Appendicular Skeleton - Bones that attach to the main frame I.e. The upper & lower limbs, pelvic & shoulder griddles

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4
Q

What are the 3 main long bones in your leg?

A

Femur (upper leg)

Tibia & Fibula (lower leg front & back)

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5
Q

Where would you find the Scapula?

A

Shoulder blades

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6
Q

What is a long bone?

Give examples.

A
  • It has greater length than width
  • Consists of a main shaft (diaphysis) & usually 2 extremities (epiphysis)
  • Acts as a lever
  • Contain mostly compact bone in their diaphysis
  • Contain more cancellous bone in their epiphyses.

Examples:

  • Humerus (upper arm)
  • Femur (upper leg)
  • Tibia (lower leg)
  • Ulna (lower arm)
  • Radius (lower arm)
  • Metacarpals (hand)
  • Metatarsals (foot)
  • Phalanges (fingers)
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7
Q

What are short bones?

Give examples.

A
  • Normally about as long as they are wide
  • Usually high cancellous which gives strength with reduced weight.

Examples:

  • Carpals (Hands)
  • Tarsals (Feets)
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8
Q

What is a Flat Bone?

Give examples.

A
  • Thin layer of cancellous bone sandwiched between two plate like layers of compact bone
  • Provide protection & large areas for muscles attachment

Examples:

  • Scapula (shoulder blades)
  • Cranial bones
  • Costals (Ribs)
  • Sternum (between breasts)
  • Illium (pelvis)
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9
Q

What is an Irregular Bone?

Give Examples

A

-Form very complex shapes & cannot be classified within the previous groups.

Examples:

  • Vertebrae (Parts that make up the spine)
  • Calcaneus (Heel Bone)
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10
Q

What is a Sesamoid Bone?

Give examples

A
  • Develop within particular tendons at a site of considerable friction or tension
  • Serve to improve leverage & protect the joint from damage

Examples: Patella (Kneecap)

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11
Q

What is cancellous bone?

A

Spongy bone tissue that contains red marrow.

Flat, short & irregular bones are formed mainly from these.

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12
Q

Where are red & white blood cells made?

A

Inside the red marrow

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13
Q

What is the yellow marrow for?

A

This functions for the storage of fat which is found in the medullary cavity

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14
Q

What is the Medullary Cavity?

A

This is the hollow tube which runs down the centre of the diaphysis

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15
Q

What is a compact bone?

A

This is solid & strong to help the long bone withstand weight-baring stress

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16
Q

What covers the end of the bone (the epiphysis) where it meets the joint?

A

Hyaline Cartilage

17
Q

What are Epiphysis Plates?

A

These are growth plates located between the diaphysis & epiphysis that allow the former to increase in length until adulthood

18
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A 
Shape
Protection
Attachment 
Movement
Production
Storage
19
Q

What are the 3 main types of joints?

A

Fibrous - Fixed - I.e Cranium (Skull)
Cartilaginous - Slightly Moveable - I.e Vertebrae
Synovial - Freely Moveable I.e - ankle, knee, hip, elbow, shoulder, neck & wrist

20
Q

What are the synovial joints made up of?

A
  • Hyaline Cartilage
  • Ligaments
  • Tendons
  • Joint Capsule
  • Joint Cavity
  • Synovial Membrane
  • Synovial Fluid
21
Q

What are the 2 considerations for exercise when it comes to Cartilage?

A
  • It is dependent on regular activity for health e.g release of the synovial fluid
  • It can be worn or torn through overuse, repetitive movement (high impact) & ageing.
22
Q

What are the 4 main functions of ligaments within the body?

A
  • Attaching & connecting bone to bone in all joints
  • Enchaning joint stability
  • Guiding joint motion & alignment
  • Preventing excessive or unwanted motion in the joint
23
Q

What is a tendon?

A

They attach muscle to bone across the joint & transmit the force produced by the muscle.

24
Q

Name the 6 types of Synovial Joints with examples

A

Ball & socket - allows for movement in almost any direction I.e the shoulder & hip joint.

Hinge - allows flexion & extension of an appendage I.e the knee & elbow joint

Pivot - allows rotation around the axis I.e in the neck the atlas rotates around the axis

Saddle - allows movement back & forth and side & side I.e the thumb

Gliding - allows two bones to slide past each other I.e the mid carpal & mid tarsal joints of the wrist & ankle.

Ellipsoid - Similar to ball & socket joint it allows the same type of movement but lesser magnitude I.e knuckles

25
Q

How many Vertebraes are in each section of the spine?

A 
7, 12, 5, 5, 4
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx
26
Q

What are the 3 postural abnormalities in the spine?

A

Hyperkyphosis - muscle front of chest & upper back are short & mid back ads lengthened (Hunch back)

Hyperlordosis - Abdominal muscles & trunk stabilising muscles are lengthened & the back extensor muscles are shortened. (Hollow back)

Scoliosis - Sideways or lateral curving of the spine. Alternations in muscle length will occur throughout the body to control & stabilise the spinal position

27
Q

What is Ossification?

A

It is the process in which none is formed in the body from the activity of osteoblasts & osteoblasts with the addition of minerals & salt.
Calcium compounds must be present for ossification to take place.

Osteoblasts - cells that deposit calcium to help form the bone.
Osteoclasts - cells that help to eat away old bone
Osteocytes - mature osteoblasts that have ended their bone forming role.

28
Q

Name 4 factors that affect bone formation

A
  • Nutrition
  • Sunlight
  • Hormonal secretions
  • Physical activity & exercise
29
Q

Short term/immediate effects of exercise on the skeletal system

A
  • increased secretion of Synovial fluid in joints which reduce wear & tear.
  • Increase blood flow & nutrients to bones & joints
  • Muscle pull on bones to increase ROM
30
Q

Long term benefits of exercise on the skeletal system

A
  • Increased bone density & strength
  • Increased joint stability
  • Improved posture
  • Improved Cartilage health
  • Increased ROM & improved flexibility
  • Reduced risk of osteoporosis
  • Reduced risk of fractures

Principles of Atonmy (7 decks)

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