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P-1100 > Unit 1 - The Cell V2 > Flashcards

Unit 1 - The Cell V2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the Cell

A

The basic structural unit of all plants and animals. Cells are specialized to carry out all the body’s basic functions

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2
Q

What are the three main elements of the cell?

A

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles

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3
Q

Define cell membrane

A

The outer covering of a cell

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4
Q

Define semipermeable

A

Able to allow some, but not all, substances to pass through.

(Cell membranes are selectively semipermeable)

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5
Q

Define cytoplasm

A

Thick fluid that fills a cell

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6
Q

Define organelles

A

Structures that perform specific functions within a cell

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7
Q

Describe nucleus

A

The organelle within a cell that contains DNA, surrounded by a membrane

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8
Q

Define Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

A high energy compound present in all cells, especially muscle cells; when split by enzyme action, it yields energy. Energy is stored in ATP

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9
Q

Define tissue

A

A group of cells that perform a similar function

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10
Q

Define epithelial tissue

A

The protective tissue that lines internal and external body tissues

(i.e. skin, mucous membranes, the lining of the intestinal tract)

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11
Q

Define muscle tissue

A

Tissue that is capable of contraction when stimulated./

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12
Q

List the three types of muscle tissue

A
  1. Cardiac (Spontaneous or self excited)
  2. Smooth (Involuntary)
  3. Skeletal (Voluntary)
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13
Q

Define connective tissue

A

Most abundant body tissue. Provides support, connection, and insulation

(i.e. bone, cartilage, fat, blood)

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14
Q

Define nerve tissue

A

Tissue that transmits electrical impulses throughout the body

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15
Q

Define organ

A

A group of tissues functioning together

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16
Q

Define organ system

A

A group of organs working together

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17
Q

Define organism

A

The sum of all the cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems of a living being

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18
Q

Define homeostasis

A

The natural tendency of the body to maintain a steady and normal internal environment

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19
Q

Define anatomy

A

The structure of an organism; body structure

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20
Q

Define physiology

A

The functions of an organism; the physical and chemical processes of a living thing

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21
Q

Define metabolism

A

The total changes that take place during physiological processes

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22
Q

Define negative feedback loop

A

Body mechanisms that work to reverse, or compensate for, a pathophysiological process, (or to reverse any physiological process, whether pathological or nonpathological)

23
Q

What are the two kingdoms of cells?

A
  1. Prokaryotes
  2. Eukaryotes
24
Q

Where at types of cells are Prokaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes are the cells of lower plants and animals

(i.e. blue-green algae and bacteria)

25
Q

True or false, Prokaryotes have a distinct nucleus, internal structure, and are incased by cell membranes?

A

False

26
Q

Where at types of cells are Eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes are the cells of higher plants and animals

(i.e. most algae, fungi, protozoa, and humans)

27
Q

Which is more complex? Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes

28
Q

List the vital functions of the cell membrane

A
  • Electrolyte / fluid balance
  • Transfer of enzymes, hormones, and nutrients into/out of the cell
29
Q

Why do antibiotics target the cell membranes of bacteria?

A

Because destroying the cell membrane kills the cell

30
Q

Define cytosol

A

Clear liquid portion of the cytoplasm in a cell

31
Q

Define cytoskeleton

A

Structure of protein filaments that supports the internal structure of a cell

32
Q

Define erythrocyte

A

Red Blood cell

33
Q

Define leukocyte

A

White blood cell

34
Q

Define thrombocyte

A

Blood cell responsible for clotting, also called a platelet

35
Q

Define lymphocyte

A

A type of leukocyte that attacks foreign substances as part of the body’s immune response

36
Q

Define phagocyte

A

A cell that has the ability to ingest other cells such substances as bacteria and cell debris

37
Q

Define phagocytosis

A

Ingestion and digestion of bacteria and other substances by phagocytes

38
Q

Define monocyte

A

White blood cell with a single nucleus; the largest normal blood cell

39
Q

Define granulocyte

A

White blood cell with multiple nuclei that has the appearance of a bag of granules

40
Q

Define cytokine

A

Protein produced by a white blood cell that instructs neighboring cells to respond in a genetically reprogrammed fashion

41
Q

Define cytotoxin

A

Substance that is poisonous to cells

42
Q

Define cytotoxic

A

Poisonous (toxic) to cells

43
Q

What substances dissolve in cytosol?

A
  • electrolytes
  • proteins
  • glucose
  • lipids (fatty substances)
44
Q

Define organelles

A

Structures that perform specific functions within a cell

45
Q

List the most important organelles within a cell

A
  • nucleus
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • golgi apparatus
  • mitochondria
  • lysosomes
  • peroxisomes
46
Q

Describe endoplasmic reticulum

A

A network of small channels that has both rough and smooth portions

47
Q

List the functions of endoplasmic reticulum

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum functions in the synthesis (building) of proteins. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum functions in the synthesis of lipids.

48
Q

Describe golgi apparatus

A

Located neat the nucleus of most cells. Functions include synthesis & packaging of secretions like mucus and enzymes

49
Q

Describe mitochondria

A

The mitochondria converts essential nutrients into energy sources, often in the form of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

50
Q

Describe lysosomes

A

Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes. Their functions include protein against disease and production of nutrients, breaking down bacteria and organic debris that has been taken into cells and releasing usable substances, such as sugars.

51
Q

Describe peroxisomes

A

Similar to lysosomes. Especially abundant in the liver, they absorb and neutralize toxins.

52
Q

What does “differentiation” do to cells?

A

Makes cells more specialized to accomplish specific tasks.

53
Q

What are the seven major functions of cells?

A
  • movement
  • conductivity
  • metabolic absorption
  • secretion
  • excretion
  • respiration
  • reproduction

P-1100 (8 decks)

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