Unit 1 Test. Mesopotamia Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 5 ways rivers were relied on?
A
- As a steady source of water
- For fertile soil
- Easy means of communication
- Fish
- Protection from enemies (like a moat)
2
Q
What are the 6 significances of rivers?
A
- Allowed for larger populations to develop.
- Allowed for more material goods to be produced.
- Centralized government evolved to coordinate projects like irrigation and defence.
- Writing developed to initially keep records.
- People developed specialized skills, so left the fields to become expert craftspeople.
- Wealth increased, so people had more leisure time, which was spent on art, music and sports.
3
Q
What are the 7 pillars of civilization?
A
- Centralized Government
- Agricultural Intensification
- Development of science and writing
- Merchants and Trade
- Occupational Specialization
- Class Structure
-
State Religion
CADMOCS
4
Q
What 4 ancient civilizations flourished in Mesopotamia?
A
Babylon, Assyria and Sumer and Akkad.
5
Q
What is Mesopotamia now known as?
A
Iraq
6
Q
What 2 points of view do secular scholars view the Bible from?
A
Sacred and Historical. (They divide the Bible between the Historical part and the Miracle part)
7
Q
What are the 2 reasons why secular scholars can’t split the bible into 2 parts (Sacred and historical)?
A
- The spiritual truth is grounded in historical reality.
- The historical is part of the sacred
8
Q
What has shown that the Bible is accurate historically?
A
Cross references from other historical sources
9
Q
What is the Moabite Stone?
A
Stone where the Moabites recorded their victory against Israel. Longest literary source outside of the Old Testament.
10
Q
What is the significance of the Moabite Stone?
A
First time there was written confirmation of a story from the Bible.
11
Q
⭐ When was the Temple of Solomon destroyed and Israel taken captive into Babylon?
A
In 586 B.C
12
Q
What city was the capital of the ancient world?
A
Babylon
13
Q
What was Babylon a melting pot for?
A
Different races and gods
14
Q
What is the Hammurabi’s Law Code?
A
Set of Laws written on a stone pillar by King Hammurabi of Babylon. Has over 200 laws.
15
Q
What is the significance of Hammurabi’s Law Code?
A
It is the First written law code
16
Q
⭐ What is an Ordeal?
A
A physical test to determine ones guilt or innocence.
17
Q
What empire were Babylon’s roots in?
A
Assyria
18
Q
What was ancient Assyria like? 🤗
A
Bloody tyranny and cruel oppression. Land bathed in blood. Deadliest of all Mesopotamian armies.
19
Q
⭐ When did the Assyria Empire fall?
A
Fell to Babylon in 612 B.C
20
Q
What 2 things did A.H. Layard, the archaeologist, Discover?
A
- The Royal Palace of Nineveh
- The Library of Nineveh
21
Q
What was found in the Library of Nineveh
A
Over 20,000 cuneiform tablets.
22
Q
What was Nineveh known for?
A
It’s immorality
23
Q
What rights did women have in Assyria?
A
Women had no rights and limited status.
24
Q
What did the Assyrian accounts of the Assyrian siege of Jerusalem say?
A
The Israelites were trapped like caged birds.
25
What did the Biblical accounts of the Assyrian siege of Jerusalem say?
The Assyrians were kept out by the wall.
26
What was the world's first Epic?
The Epic of Gilgamesh
27
What is the Epic of Gilgamesh?
A Sumerian version of a Babylonian story. Talks about the gods flooding the world to punish it.
28
What are 6 cool things the Sumerians invented?
1. The wheel (pottery wheel)
2. Government
3. Gardening
4. Writing
5. Ziggurats
6. The plow
29
⭐ What is a ziggurat?
A stack of platforms on top of each other getting smaller with each one. Also has a chapel at the top.
30
What city was the center of Sumerian civilization?
Ur
31
Why is Ur important?
It's where Abraham lived
32
What was found the led some to claim evidence for the flood?
Layers of silt at the bottom of a city
33
What archaeological treasure was found at Ur?
The Royal Tombs of Ur
34
Where can we find the stories of the Assyrian exploits?
On the **walls** of their **palace**
35
What was the capital city of Assyria?
Nineveh
36
Where did the Assyrians originate from?
From the **northern banks of the river Tigris**, at a city named **Asher**.
37
When did warfare take place in ancient Mesopotamia?
**After** the planting of the seeds in the **spring** and **before** the harvest in the **fall**. Not wintertime due to unfavorable weather.
38
Who came to power in Assyria in 745 B.C.?
Tiglath Pileser III
39
What was Tiglath Pileser III known for?
Making the world's first year-round army; a standing army. It was the most professional army the world had ever seen.
40
What allowed the Assyrians to travel 20 miles a day?
**Roads** they built, and **granaries** along the roads to supply food for the armies.
41
What is logistics?
How you supply an army
42
What happened in 701 B.C.?
Assyrian siege of Judah
43
What were the Assyrians most feared weapon?
**Mobility**; They had **two-wheeled chariots**
44
Who in the book of Judges had 900 chariots
Sisera
45
Why didn't the Assyrians shoot horses?
So they could capture them for use in their own army
46
What was the new weapon the Assyrians developed?
**The horseman**; a cheaper version of the chariot
47
What 4 things did chariots and horses give you?
Speed, mobility, firepower and height
48
How did Assyria govern?
They didn't, they terrorized.
49
What Biblical Prophet prophesized Assyria's fall?
The prophet Nahum
50
What are the 3 categories of laws in the Ten Commandments?
**Vertical** laws, the **horizontal** laws and the **hinge** law
51
What are the vertical laws, and why?
Laws 1-4. These laws put God *above* you. Vertical
52
What are the horizontal laws, and why?
Laws 6-10. These laws put other people *equal* to you. Horizontal
53
What is the hinge law, and why?
Law 5. This law puts your parents above you, yet they are also equal to you. Hinges the first four and the last five laws together
54
What is the definition of history?
Knowledge of the past based upon testimony
55
What are the 3 types of testimony?
Written, oral and physical
56
What does 'autographa' mean?
The original of something
57
What are the 5 points, on why we can believe the Bible?
1. **R**eliability
2. **A**rchaeology
3. **P**rophecy
4. **V**iew of Christ
5. **U**niqueness
RAPVU
58
How do we know the Old Testament is reliable (as in it wasn't changed over time)?
All manuscripts, no matter *when* or where they were from, agree to a great extent
59
What the the Ketef Hinnom Amulets?
The oldest copies of the Old Testament we found. It’s an amulet people wore and had a few verses of numbers on it.
60
What were the 2 ways the Jews kept the Old Testament writings so consistent?
Jew tradition made sure that:
1. Nothing could be written from memory
2. Any copy with even just one mistake was destroyed
61
What is a bibliographical test?
A test to figure out the reliability of a manuscript
62
How do we know the New Testament is reliable (as in it wasn't changed over time)?
We have over 5000 manuscripts to compare, and some of them date very close to the originals
63
What's 1 example of archaeology proving the Old Testament?
Jericho: The bible says that God made " the wall of the city will fall down flat." Archaeology has discovered that the walls of Jericho fell *outwards* not *inwards*. Which isn't possible, but it happened
64
What's 1 example of archaeology proving the New Testament?
Archaeological findings proving the census that took place during Jesus's birth
65
Over how many messianic prophesies were fulfilled through Jesus?
Over 300
66
Which prophet made a prophecy about the city Tyre?
Ezekiel
67
What prophesy was made about Tyre?
Many nations would be against Tyre. Tyre would be destroyed, and it's stone and rubble would be thrown into the sea
68
How did the prophecy about Tyre come true?
Babylon destroyed coastal Tyre. Then Alexander the Great came along and used the demolished coastal Tyre's rubble to build a pathway to Island Tyre (It's rubble was literally thrown into the sea)
69
How did Jesus confirm the validity of the Old Testiment?
He continuously made references to it and spoke of it as having divine authority
70
How did Jesus confirm the validity of the New Testament?
Jesus promised his teachings would be remembered and understood and that additional truths would be given to the apostles
71
Why does Jesus verifying the bible matter?
If Jesus is God, and God always speaks the truth, and Jesus said the Bible is divine, then the entire Bible is proved to be from God
72
What are 3 ways in which that make the Bible unique?
1. More copies produced than any other book ever
2. Translated in more languages than any other book ever
3. Has more manuscript evidence than any other ancient writing ever
73
What is a pantheon?
A collection of gods
74
What does 'lugal' mean?
Strong man
75
Who were Sargon of Akkad's children?
Rimush and Manishtusu
76
How did Rimush, son of Sargon, rule?
How ruled **a rule of terror**
77
Who was Enheduana?
Daughter of Sargon; **a poet**
78
What 3 things were Assyria's economy based on?
1. Agriculture
2. Animal husbandry
3. Foreign trade
79
Who was Assyria's chief god?
Ashur
80
What is a cult?
A system of religious beliefs and rituals
81
Who was Babylon's chief god?
Marduk
82
Which Babylonian king saw a human hand appear out of nowhere and write on the wall?
King Belshazzar
83
What is a primary source?
An **unprocessed** document
84
What is a secondary document?
A **processed** document
85
What is historiography, the study of?
The study of how history has been written
86
What is a myth?
A story with **no truth** in it
87
What is a legend?
A story with a grain of truth
88
What is stratigraphy the study of?
The study of the layers of rocks
89
What is radio-carbon dating?
Determining the age of an organic material by measuring carbon levels
90
What is chronology?
The placing of events in the order of them happening
91
Why is the question historians are most concerned with in history?
Why?
92
What 3 kinds of locations are organic artifacts best preserved?
Dry, frozen and waterlogged places
93
What is the problem with dating artifacts through stratigraphy?
Artifacts can move to different layers of rock over time
94
How do liberals see history?
As **a conquest for progress**, always moving forwards
95
How do Marxists see history?
A struggle between classes and shifting powers
96
How do Post-Modernists see history?
That all history is biased and there is no such thing as truth
97
Who was Nabonidus?
The Babylonian king who built the first museum
98
Who was Emmanuel Maurice de Lorraine?
Prince of Austria who paid for the excavation of Pompei
99
Who were James Hutton and Charles Lyell?
They are **the fathers of geology** and they **created the idea of stratology**
100
What did C.J. Thomson do?
He categorized artifacts into the Stone, Bronze and Iron Age
101
What did Francois Champollion and Henry Rawlinson do?
They are credited for **deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphics**
102
What did Sir William Pete do?
He used broken peices of ancient pottery to date artifacts
103
What did Mortimer Wheeler and Dame Kathleen Kenyon do?
They invented the Wheeler-Kenyon method to dig for artifacts better
104
What is the belt of farmland the stretches from the Persian Gulf to the Nile River called?
The Fertile Crescent
105
What is a levee?
Embankments produced by the build up of sediments over lots of years, they gently slope downward from a river
106
Does despotic mean?
A system of government where the ruler has absolute power and authority
107
What 3 problems did the Sumerians face?
Water problems, defence problems and resource problems
108
How did Sumerians solve their water problem?
They build irrigation ditches
109
How did the Sumerians solve their defence problem?
They built walls
110
How did the Sumerians solve their resource problem?
They traded for resources
111
What is an Issiakkus?
A city ruler
112
Who was it that attacked Sargon of Akkad?
Lugal-Zage-Si
113
What is Manishtsusu, son of Sargon, best known for?
A monument called **the Obelisk of Manishtusu** which records the kings land purchases
114
What did Sargon build to increase trade in Akkad?
**A canal all the way up to Akkad** for ships to sail by without worry and trade
115
What was Enheduana known for?
Sargon’s daughter; **being an accomplished poet** and also priestess
116
What was Sargon’s job before he became king?
An ordinary **fruit grower** but then he rose to become **cupbearer to the king** of Kishi
117
What happened to the 10 tribes of Israel (excluding Judah)?
**Assyria conquers them and they become lost in history;** we don’t know what happens to them after this
118
What do we call the 10 tribes of Israel that became lost in history?
The lost tribes of Israel
119
What did the Assyrians have that made them much more well off than the Sumerians and the other civilizations?
Rainfall
120
What was the kings role in the Assyrian army?
Commander-in-chief
121
What was the favourite pass time of kings in Mesopotamia?
Hunting lions
122
Who was Ishar?
Assyrian goddess of love and war
123
What was Assyrian religion influenced by?
Babylonian religion
124
Who worked on the large estates owned by the aristocracy in Mesopotamia?
The peasants
125
Under which ruler did Assyrian start to expand its empire vastly?
**Ashurnasirpal II**
(Ash-ur-na-sir-pal II)
126
What was the backbone of the Assyrian army?
Iron
127
What *odd* way did the people in Mesopotamia cross rivers?
They inflated animal skins to use like rafts
128
What were the Assyrians first weapon in taking over a city?
Threats
129
During the Assyrian siege of Jerusalem, what did King Hezekiah build to make sure water was provided for the city?
He built **an underground channel**
130
What was Ashurbanipal (Ashur-bani-pal) known for?
For **his library**, he was an Assyrian king btw
131
What ancient World Wonder is Babylon known for?
The Hanging Gardens of Babylon
132
What did Tukulti-Ninurta carry off from Babylon?
Their image of the god **Marduk**
133
Who made the hanging Gardens in Babylon?
Nebuchadnezzar II
134
Is **astronomy** scientific or occultish?
**Scientific**; astrology is occultish
135
Is **astrology** scientific or occultish?
**Occultish**; astronomy is scientific
136
How many departures of Jews to Babylon were there?
3 departures
137
Who took over Babylon?
Cyrus the Great of Persia
138
What was the end of Babylon, also the end of?
The **end of the Mesopotamian empires** as a whole; Babylon was the last Mesopotamian empire
139
Who was more powerful in Babylon, the king or the chief priest?
**The chief priest,** once a year the chief priest would slap the king in his face and pull his ears to show his authority over the king
140
What did nations do to their enemies gods when they defeated them?
**They put their enemies god into their own temple.** This is because they would pray to their enemies’s god to let them defeat them
141
Why did the Israelites bring the Ark of the Covenant to the battle field against the Philistines?
They had lost the previous battle and wanted the bring the Ark of the Covenant to use like a good luck charm in the next battle
142
What did the Philistines do with the Ark of the Covenant when they had captured it?
They put it in the temple of their own god, Dagon
143
What sacrilegious act did King Belshazzar do?
He drank wine with all his wives from the goblets from the temple of God, while praising their gods
144
Who was Belteshazzar?
Daniel
145
What did King Belshazzar say you’ll become if you read the writing on the wall written by the floating hand?
The third highest ruler in Babylon
146
Why was Daniel anointed *third* highest ruler in Babylon by King Belshazzar, not *second*!
Because King Belshazzar was just standing in as king for his father Nabonidus. **Nabonidus was first in command, Belshazzar was second and Daniel would be made third**
147
What were the 4 steps of Nebuchadnezzar II’s spiritual progression?
1. Polytheistic; We beat you, our gods are better than your God
2. Polytheistic; Your God is pretty good
3. Your God is better than ours
4. Monotheistic; God is the one and only true God
148
What made Nebuchadnezzar II accept the Jew’s God is pretty good?
Daniel having interpreted Nebuchadnezzar’s dreams
149
What made Nebuchadnezzar accept that the Jew’s God is better than their gods?
Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego surviving the burning furnace
150
What makes Nebuchadnezzar not polytheistic anymore?
His dream of the tree
151
What made Nebuchadnezzar believe in the one True God?
Having been given over to insanity for 7 years for being arrogant
152
How many verse would be missing if we lost the entire New Testament and had to reconstruct it with only quotes from the early church leaders?
Just 11
153
What Assyrian king was seen as sacrilegious?
**Naram-Suen** for deifying himself
154
Who was Josephus?
A Jewish historian working for the Romans in the first century
