Unit 1 Test Flashcards
Human geography
Study of the events of events and processes that shape how unmans understand, use, change earth. (Understand, adapt, use, and alter)
No additional information
Physical geography
Study of physical features of natural recesses and environmental feature distrobution
No additional information
Geographer
“Earth Writer”
A person who studies the earth’s features and how humans affect/are affected by them.
No additional information
Location (absolute and relative)
Absolute location refers to the exact spot on earth (coordinates and address).
Relative location describes a place with respect to its environment (North of, 10 miles from, hour away,)
No additional information
Place
A location characterized by physical (landforms, climate, vegetation, etc.) and human elements (languages, population, religion, politics, etc.)
No additional information
Mental Maps
Maps that people create in their minds based on their own experience and knowledge. Internalized representations of portions of earth’s surface.
No additional information
Anthropocene
Proposed geological epoch dating from the commencement of significant human impact on Earth’s geology and ecosystems (humans are the force causing planetary shifts, biophysical and chemical)
Possible start: GREAT ACCELERATION 1940’s (atomic tech leaves radioactive in rock strata)
No additional information
Pleistocene
Geological epoch characterized by the presence of glaciers and the emergence of modern humans (ice age)
No additional information
Holocene
Current geological epoch that began approximately 11,700 years ago
No additional information
Çatalhöyük Map
First known map that depicts a Neolithic town in turkey. Shows houses and volcanoes. About 9,000 years old
## Footnote
No additional information
Ptolemy Map
Maps created by Claudius Ptolemy, a Greco-Roman geographer. First lat and long lines, and legend, and captions. Shows Roman Empire land and religious life because of gods around map
No additional information
Psalter Map
13th century map made by monks in England. Shows significant religious places, Jerusalem in center. Shows religious ties from spiritual to living world. Jesus is over the world.
No additional information
Hunt-Lenox Globe
One of the oldest known globes, dating back to the 16th century renaissance France. Creator unknown. Engraved copper. Earlier Americas depiction. Unknown land was written and dragons and monsters were shown .
No additional information
Colonial Map (Americae sive qvartae orbis partis nova et exactissima descriptio)
Showed South America, Arica, East Coast, Central America, very edge of Europe. Used for colonization, especially from Spain, and to show Europeans what west looked like. Shows animals, plants, violence. Shows colonization and reliance on boats. Created by Diego Gutierrez and Hieronymus Cock in 1562.
No additional information
Site
Absolute location and description of natural features. “Sits on a river which is a poor site because it is prone to flooding. West of Mt. Hood”
No additional information
Situation
Relationship of location with surrounding area (connections)
“Because it sits on river, trade with CITY is frequent, robust economy…”
## Footnote
No additional information
Latitude & Longitude
Latitude: up and down (north of equator vs south)
Longitude: side to side (west of prime meridian vs east)
45º15’30”
45.255
## Footnote
No additional information
Environmental Determinism
Theory that human behavior is strongly affected by the physical environment. (Hindrances like climate or landforms)
No additional information
Environmental Possibilism
Theory that the natural environment sets certain constraints, but decisions and technology i alce society the most. (Humans adapt to live in difficult climates like by using AC)
No additional information
Distance Decay
Closer places have more in common.
Tendency for the intensity of human activity or interaction to decrease as distance from the source of interaction increases.
No additional information
Time-Space Compression
Concept that the world is becoming ‘smaller’ and that the effects of distance are rapidly diminishing. Interaction is dependent upon connectedness, new technology allows connectedness to not be only dependent upon distance. Far places can be related.
No additional information
Hearth
Place of origin/center
Example: A hearth map displaying the distribution of coffee shops in a city.
Map scale
The relationship between the distance on a map and the corresponding distance in the real world. Allows you to measure absolute distance.
Example: A map scale of 1:10,000 means that one unit on the map represents 10,000 of the same units on the ground.
Mercator Map
Shows true direction and continent shapes are maintained, but continent sizes are distorted. Google maps uses. Shows exact angle to travel when line is drawn between 2 points. Made in 16th century by Mercator.
Example: The Mercator Map greatly exaggerates the size of Greenland.
Gall-Peters Map
An equal-area map projection that accurately represents the relative sizes of land masses but distorts their shapes. Shows true direction. Explained by gall in 1855, but written about by Gall in 1885. Peter’s popularized it in 1970’s.
Example: The Gall-Peters Map shows Africa much larger than on a Mercator Map.
Azimuthal Maps
Flattened disk-shaped portions of Earth’s surface shown from a specific point. Preserves direction, but distorts shape. Foot for Arctic and Antarctic. Only shows half of earth. Maybe 11th century
## Footnote
Example: An azimuthal map centered on the North Pole shows accurate distances and directions from the pole.
Robinson Map
Has curved lines of longitude and straight lines of latitude. True directions are only along parallels and the central meridian. Pole distortion is extreme.
## Footnote
Example: The Robinson Map is often used for thematic maps due to its general accuracy.
Census
A systematic process of collecting and recording data aboutan official count of the number of people in a defined area. Can apply to housing, education, race, agriculture, etc…
Example: The census revealed an increase in the city’s population over the past decade.
Quantitative data
Data that can be measured and expressed numerically. Can be graphed.
## Footnote
Example: The average temperature recorded in July is an example of quantitative data.
Qualitative data
Descriptive data that cannot be measured numerically, often based on observations and opinions, and therefore must be interpreted. Field observations like media reports, travel narratives, policy documents, personal interviews, landscape, and analysis and visuals.
Example: The feedback from customers about a product is considered qualitative data.
GIS
Geographic Information System, a system designed to capture, store, organize, and display geographic data. Creates maps by organizing layers. Types of data are stored in layers that have a specific theme.
GPS
Global Positioning System, a satellite-based network of at least 31 satellites in the US system that transmit data to handheld receivers. The time for a signal to reach a receiver is used to calculate distance. Use to find distance between two locations. Pilots of planes and ships use. GPS can determine speed..
Isoline map
A map that uses lines to connect points of equal value, such as temperature or elevation. Closer lines represent areas of quickly changing values.
Example: An isoline map showing areas of equal rainfall across a region.
Graduated symbols map
A map that uses symbols of different sizes to represent quantitative data.
Example: A graduated symbols map showing population density in cities.
Cartogram
A map in which the size of each area is proportional to the variable being represented, rather than geographic size.
Example: A cartogram showing countries resized based on their carbon emissions.
Dot map
A map that uses dots to represent the presence of a feature or phenomenon in a specific location. Reveals density and distribution like crime, accidents or births. Each dot represents a consistent number of objects.
## Footnote
Example: A dot map showing the location of Starbucks stores in a city.
Participatory mapping
A process that involves local communities in mapping their own environment, often to represent their knowledge and perspectives. Includes non-scholars in research and city planning. Quantitative and qualitative data..
Example: Participatory mapping can help communities identify important resources in their area.
Kate Gregory
Studied tree, planting and canopies in Portland. Wants to see how resident experiences and values are related to trees in urban greenery. Then sees how their values inform tree related policy (equity). Checks how their experiences with trees relates to demographics. Goes to extremes to see how demographics relate to trees and reaches out to organizations to collect data. Ask people to put where they want more trees in your neighborhood.
Dr. Vivek Shandas
Identified urban heat islands, then researched how they have less trees in those neighborhoods. Tried to implement safety solutions to prevent danger during heat waves.
Urban heat island
An urban area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities and infrastructure. Main causes include lack of trees, lack of breeze and concrete/roads/building materials.
Example: The urban heat island effect causes cities to experience higher temperatures than nearby rural areas.
Portland Clean Energy Fund
A tax passed in 2018 on the largest retailers in Portland that has raised about $115 million. Used for renewable energy affordable housing planting 25,000 trees in heat vulnerable neighborhoods thousands of trees in the jade district. $50 million to make schools more resilient helpful to leverage for federal funding
Critical resource geography
Talking about the present. Critical refers to the unequal power relationships that determine who has access to resources. This relates to how the resources are geographically represented as in lower income neighborhoods have fewer trees meaning they are hotter. The critical is the why, the resource is the what, Geography as how.
Kate Gregory and analyzes how urban heat is have less trees by using participatory mapping and GIS, then uses that to influence where the city should plant trees to reduce the inequity. Vivek Shandas analyzes how heat waves equally affect certain groups and their safety by measuring heat in specific areas and creating a map. Works to implement ways to prevent heat.
Choropleth Map
Uses Color to show data
