unit 1 test Flashcards
medical intervention
any measure to prevent or alter the course of a disease
outbreak
a sudden rise in the incident of a disease
pathogen
a specific causative of disease
genome
the complement of an organism’s genes; an organisms genetic materials
primer
a short piece of DNA or RNA that is complementary to a section of a template strand and acts as an attachment and starting point for the synthesis strand during DNA replication
what’s a contact tracer
they are responsible for contact tracing, finding connections between individuals, and track disease exposure. They interview infected individuals or those who have come in contact with disease to understand how it is transmitted, in order to find out the best way to protect the rest of the population and keep more people from getting infected.
What’s making Sue sick
bacterial meningitis (neisseria meningitidis)
4 categories of medical interventions and examples
~rehabilitation / physical therapy
~pharmacology / Advil
~preventative / brace
~ surgery / stitches
what is the purpose of tray 1-12 in an ELISA test
a color gradient to compare concentration.
what is the purpose of the positive and negative control in ELISA test
to see what a positive and negative result looks like
what is the treatment for bacterial meningitis
IV antibiotics
what are the meninges
layers of membrane that covers and protects the brain and spinal cord. becomes swollen when infected with meningitis
meningitis symptoms
fever, stiff neck, headache, nausea, light sensitivity
what is an ELISA test
A quantitative in vitro test for an antibody or antigen in which the test material is absorbed on a surface and exposed either to a complex of an enzyme linked to an antibody specific for the antigen or an enzyme linked to an anti-immunoglobulin specific for the antibody followed by reaction of the enzyme with a substrate to yield a colored product corresponding to the concentration of the test material
right to know law
a policy to ensure that data and records are made available to all when the health of the public is in danger
what is a data scientist
a scientist who organizes large quantities of data in different ways, looking for meaningful insights in the data. they take messy ,unorganized information and turn it into a data story.
how do you use blast to determine what individuals are infected with
plug the DNA sequence into blast, find the result closest to 100%, then research that result
types of antibiotics
b lactums, tetracycline, flouroquinolones, sulfa antibiotics
b lactum
interrupt cell wall formation
tetracyclines
interfere with protein synthesis in the ribosome and destroy the membrane
flouroquinolones
impare DNA replication
sulfa antibiotics
inhibits bacterial growth and repilcation
nucleoid
regulates growth, reproduction, and function
ribosomes
place for protein synthesis
flagellum
enables movement and chemotaxis
cytoplasm
cell growth, metabolism, and replicatoin
plasmid
transfer DNA from one cell to another, DNA independent of the chromosomes
plasma membrane
regulates transport of materials in and out of the cell
cell wall
responsible for shape
capsule
protections and adhesion that allows them to escape the host
pili
attaches cell to surfaces
gram positive bacteria
turn purple when stained, thick layer of peptidoglycan
gram negative bacteria
turn pink when stained, thin layer of peptidoglycan and an extra lipids in the wall
neisseria meningitis
gram negative bacteria that causes meningitis
what is a research associate
they test newly developed pharmaceuticals against a wide range of diseases. they grow bacteria and cells, counts colonies for testing, extracts DNA and RNA PCR, and identifies DNA through gel electrophoresis
what is transduction
the transfer of genetic material between a bacteriophage. the bacteriophage enters one bacteria and infects it, then takes over the genetic processing and uses it to produce more phage.
what is transformation
bacteria pick up pieces of DNA from dead bacteria cells in the environment
what is conjugation
the pili from one bacteria enters another bacteria, and a copy of the plasmid is sent over through the pili
why is antibiotic resistance an issue
it makes it harder to treat bacterial infections, which can cause it to spread easier, making it harder to contain
what is mutation in antimicrobial resistance
a change in DNA that can cause a change in the gene product, which is the target of the antimicrobial. IT binds to enzymes necessary for replication, which results in the inhibition of change due to a mutation, then the antimicrobial can’t bind effectively, which allows DNA replication to continue and the cell lives and the antimicrobial has been ineffective.
what is efflux antimicrobial resistance
an antimicrobial enters a cell through a protein pump and then gets pumped back out by an efflux pump. Because the cells pumps the antimicrobial out, it prevents any lethal damage in the cell by preventing the accumulation necessary from the antimicrobial.
what is destruction/inactivation microbial resistance
the genes in the bacteria produces enzymes that chemically degrade/deactivate the antimicrobial, rendering it useless. The enzymes destroy the antimicrobial before it reaches the target site, so the antimicrobial in ineffective.
where is the ampicillin resistance gene located
the ampicillin resistance gene is located in the plasmid. So the bacteria cell that transferred the DNA was which everyone had the plasmid resistant to the antibiotic. We know this because conjugation is the most common form of gene transfer and it happens when one strand of bacteria shares its plamid with another bacteria, giving it a copy of its DNA
most common gene transfere
conjugation
nucloid v plasmid
a plasmid is a separate DNA ring that can replicate independantly. a nucloid contains the genetic information for the cell.
pinna
visible portion of the ear, collect sounds and waves and channels it into the ear canal
auditory canal
allows sound transmission to ear drum
Eustachian tube
equalizes pressure between middle ear and outside air.
malleus
ossicle that passes vibrations from ear drum to incus
incus
passes vibrations from malleus to stapes
stapes
passes vibrations from incus to cochlea via oval window
tympanic membrane
thin membrane that vibrates when sound waves reach it
cochlea
spiral shaped, fluid filled structure, lined with tiny hairs that move when vibrated and cause a nerve impulse to form
sensory hair cells
sensory receptor in ht ear that detects sound waves and head motion that create nerve impulses that go to the brain
cochlear nerve / auditory nerve
transfers auditory info from cochlea to brain
oval window
oval shaped opening in cochlea that allows vibrations from stapes to be transmitted
vestibule
respond to gravitational forces ,maintain balance
vestibular nerve
responsible for hearing and balance, sense of equilibrium is determined by this nerve, brings info from inner ear to brain
how do you hear sound
pinna, auditory canal, tympanic membrane, mallus, incus, stapes, oval window, cochlea, sensory hair cells, auditory nerve
what is audiology
branch of science related to hearing
high amplitude / low amplitude
loud / soft sound
high frequency / low frequency
high pitched / low pitched sound
what can an audiogram tell you
which ears have hearing loss and at what pitches
polio vaccine
killed / inactivated
why are bacteria useful in creating vaccines
they have plasmids that replicate fast and independently
vaccine
a harmless variant or part of a pathogen that stimulates the immune system to mount defense against the pathogen
conjugate vaccine
use pieces from the coats of bacteria along with a carrier protein. the two combined elicit an immune response from the human body when injected
attenuated / live vaccine
live vaccine that is longer lasting
subunit vaccine
vaccine that only uses pieces of the pathogen
rinne test
a hearing test that can differentiate between conductive and sensorinueural hearing loss
restriction enzyme
cut DNA when they encounter a specific sequence
toxoid vaccine
vaccine that contains a purified toxin of the pathogen
antigen
foreign substance that is recognized by your immune system
recombinant DNA
a DNA molecule made up of different sources
subunit vaccine example
hepatitis B
herd immunity
when unvaccinated people are protected from a disease because the majority of the population are vaccinated
toxoid vaccine example
tetanus
live attenuated vaccine example
MMR
what rules must be followed to determine the restriction enzyme that would work best to insert viral DNA into a plasmid
- cuts plasmid once
- doesn’t cut more than 20 base pairs into the sequence
- doesn’t cut the origin or resistance gene off the plasmid
- produces sticky ends
