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unit 1 test Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

medical intervention

A

any measure to prevent or alter the course of a disease

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2
Q

outbreak

A

a sudden rise in the incident of a disease

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3
Q

pathogen

A

a specific causative of disease

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4
Q

genome

A

the complement of an organism’s genes; an organisms genetic materials

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5
Q

primer

A

a short piece of DNA or RNA that is complementary to a section of a template strand and acts as an attachment and starting point for the synthesis strand during DNA replication

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6
Q

what’s a contact tracer

A

they are responsible for contact tracing, finding connections between individuals, and track disease exposure. They interview infected individuals or those who have come in contact with disease to understand how it is transmitted, in order to find out the best way to protect the rest of the population and keep more people from getting infected.

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7
Q

What’s making Sue sick

A

bacterial meningitis (neisseria meningitidis)

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8
Q

4 categories of medical interventions and examples

A

~rehabilitation / physical therapy
~pharmacology / Advil
~preventative / brace
~ surgery / stitches

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9
Q

what is the purpose of tray 1-12 in an ELISA test

A

a color gradient to compare concentration.

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10
Q

what is the purpose of the positive and negative control in ELISA test

A

to see what a positive and negative result looks like

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11
Q

what is the treatment for bacterial meningitis

A

IV antibiotics

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12
Q

what are the meninges

A

layers of membrane that covers and protects the brain and spinal cord. becomes swollen when infected with meningitis

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13
Q

meningitis symptoms

A

fever, stiff neck, headache, nausea, light sensitivity

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14
Q

what is an ELISA test

A

A quantitative in vitro test for an antibody or antigen in which the test material is absorbed on a surface and exposed either to a complex of an enzyme linked to an antibody specific for the antigen or an enzyme linked to an anti-immunoglobulin specific for the antibody followed by reaction of the enzyme with a substrate to yield a colored product corresponding to the concentration of the test material

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15
Q

right to know law

A

a policy to ensure that data and records are made available to all when the health of the public is in danger

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16
Q

what is a data scientist

A

a scientist who organizes large quantities of data in different ways, looking for meaningful insights in the data. they take messy ,unorganized information and turn it into a data story.

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17
Q

how do you use blast to determine what individuals are infected with

A

plug the DNA sequence into blast, find the result closest to 100%, then research that result

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18
Q

types of antibiotics

A

b lactums, tetracycline, flouroquinolones, sulfa antibiotics

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19
Q

b lactum

A

interrupt cell wall formation

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20
Q

tetracyclines

A

interfere with protein synthesis in the ribosome and destroy the membrane

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21
Q

flouroquinolones

A

impare DNA replication

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22
Q

sulfa antibiotics

A

inhibits bacterial growth and repilcation

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23
Q

nucleoid

A

regulates growth, reproduction, and function

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24
Q

ribosomes

A

place for protein synthesis

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25
Q

flagellum

A

enables movement and chemotaxis

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26
Q

cytoplasm

A

cell growth, metabolism, and replicatoin

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27
Q

plasmid

A

transfer DNA from one cell to another, DNA independent of the chromosomes

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28
Q

plasma membrane

A

regulates transport of materials in and out of the cell

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29
Q

cell wall

A

responsible for shape

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30
Q

capsule

A

protections and adhesion that allows them to escape the host

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31
Q

pili

A

attaches cell to surfaces

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32
Q

gram positive bacteria

A

turn purple when stained, thick layer of peptidoglycan

33
Q

gram negative bacteria

A

turn pink when stained, thin layer of peptidoglycan and an extra lipids in the wall

34
Q

neisseria meningitis

A

gram negative bacteria that causes meningitis

35
Q

what is a research associate

A

they test newly developed pharmaceuticals against a wide range of diseases. they grow bacteria and cells, counts colonies for testing, extracts DNA and RNA PCR, and identifies DNA through gel electrophoresis

36
Q

what is transduction

A

the transfer of genetic material between a bacteriophage. the bacteriophage enters one bacteria and infects it, then takes over the genetic processing and uses it to produce more phage.

37
Q

what is transformation

A

bacteria pick up pieces of DNA from dead bacteria cells in the environment

38
Q

what is conjugation

A

the pili from one bacteria enters another bacteria, and a copy of the plasmid is sent over through the pili

39
Q

why is antibiotic resistance an issue

A

it makes it harder to treat bacterial infections, which can cause it to spread easier, making it harder to contain

40
Q

what is mutation in antimicrobial resistance

A

a change in DNA that can cause a change in the gene product, which is the target of the antimicrobial. IT binds to enzymes necessary for replication, which results in the inhibition of change due to a mutation, then the antimicrobial can’t bind effectively, which allows DNA replication to continue and the cell lives and the antimicrobial has been ineffective.

41
Q

what is efflux antimicrobial resistance

A

an antimicrobial enters a cell through a protein pump and then gets pumped back out by an efflux pump. Because the cells pumps the antimicrobial out, it prevents any lethal damage in the cell by preventing the accumulation necessary from the antimicrobial.

42
Q

what is destruction/inactivation microbial resistance

A

the genes in the bacteria produces enzymes that chemically degrade/deactivate the antimicrobial, rendering it useless. The enzymes destroy the antimicrobial before it reaches the target site, so the antimicrobial in ineffective.

43
Q

where is the ampicillin resistance gene located

A

the ampicillin resistance gene is located in the plasmid. So the bacteria cell that transferred the DNA was which everyone had the plasmid resistant to the antibiotic. We know this because conjugation is the most common form of gene transfer and it happens when one strand of bacteria shares its plamid with another bacteria, giving it a copy of its DNA

44
Q

most common gene transfere

A

conjugation

45
Q

nucloid v plasmid

A

a plasmid is a separate DNA ring that can replicate independantly. a nucloid contains the genetic information for the cell.

46
Q

pinna

A

visible portion of the ear, collect sounds and waves and channels it into the ear canal

47
Q

auditory canal

A

allows sound transmission to ear drum

48
Q

Eustachian tube

A

equalizes pressure between middle ear and outside air.

49
Q

malleus

A

ossicle that passes vibrations from ear drum to incus

50
Q

incus

A

passes vibrations from malleus to stapes

51
Q

stapes

A

passes vibrations from incus to cochlea via oval window

52
Q

tympanic membrane

A

thin membrane that vibrates when sound waves reach it

53
Q

cochlea

A

spiral shaped, fluid filled structure, lined with tiny hairs that move when vibrated and cause a nerve impulse to form

54
Q

sensory hair cells

A

sensory receptor in ht ear that detects sound waves and head motion that create nerve impulses that go to the brain

55
Q

cochlear nerve / auditory nerve

A

transfers auditory info from cochlea to brain

56
Q

oval window

A

oval shaped opening in cochlea that allows vibrations from stapes to be transmitted

57
Q

vestibule

A

respond to gravitational forces ,maintain balance

58
Q

vestibular nerve

A

responsible for hearing and balance, sense of equilibrium is determined by this nerve, brings info from inner ear to brain

59
Q

how do you hear sound

A

pinna, auditory canal, tympanic membrane, mallus, incus, stapes, oval window, cochlea, sensory hair cells, auditory nerve

60
Q

what is audiology

A

branch of science related to hearing

61
Q

high amplitude / low amplitude

A

loud / soft sound

62
Q

high frequency / low frequency

A

high pitched / low pitched sound

63
Q

what can an audiogram tell you

A

which ears have hearing loss and at what pitches

64
Q

polio vaccine

A

killed / inactivated

65
Q

why are bacteria useful in creating vaccines

A

they have plasmids that replicate fast and independently

66
Q

vaccine

A

a harmless variant or part of a pathogen that stimulates the immune system to mount defense against the pathogen

67
Q

conjugate vaccine

A

use pieces from the coats of bacteria along with a carrier protein. the two combined elicit an immune response from the human body when injected

68
Q

attenuated / live vaccine

A

live vaccine that is longer lasting

69
Q

subunit vaccine

A

vaccine that only uses pieces of the pathogen

70
Q

rinne test

A

a hearing test that can differentiate between conductive and sensorinueural hearing loss

71
Q

restriction enzyme

A

cut DNA when they encounter a specific sequence

72
Q

toxoid vaccine

A

vaccine that contains a purified toxin of the pathogen

73
Q

antigen

A

foreign substance that is recognized by your immune system

74
Q

recombinant DNA

A

a DNA molecule made up of different sources

75
Q

subunit vaccine example

A

hepatitis B

76
Q

herd immunity

A

when unvaccinated people are protected from a disease because the majority of the population are vaccinated

77
Q

toxoid vaccine example

A

tetanus

78
Q

live attenuated vaccine example

A

MMR

79
Q

what rules must be followed to determine the restriction enzyme that would work best to insert viral DNA into a plasmid

A
  1. cuts plasmid once
  2. doesn’t cut more than 20 base pairs into the sequence
  3. doesn’t cut the origin or resistance gene off the plasmid
  4. produces sticky ends

medical interventions (3 decks)

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