3.1 quiz Flashcards
bone scan
examines skeletal abnormalities through use of radio tracers
MRI
produces images of internal soft tissues through use of radio waves and magnets
CT scan
produces cross sectional images of soft tissues
x-ray
uses ionization radiation to produce two dimensional images of dense tissues
risk factor
something which increases risk of susceptibility
multinuclearity
having more than one nucleus
nuclear blebbing
odd shaped nuclei in cancer cells
contact inhibition
enables noncancerous cells to cease proliferation and growth when they contact each other
replicative senescence
when a normal somatic cell reach irreversible stage of cell cycle arrest following multiple rounds of replication
biopsy
the removal and examination of tissue, cells, or fluids from the body
cancer
a malignant tumor of potentially unlimited growth that expands locally and systemically
tumor suppressor gene
keeps cell division in check
proto-oncogene
a gene with potential to cause cancer but requires some alteration to become an oncogene
oncogene
a gene with potential to make a normal cell cancerous
osteosarcoma
bone cancer
metastasis
development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from primary site of cancer
apoptosis
changes that happen in a cell as it undergoes programmed death, a trigger causes suicide proteins in the cell that needs to die
dna replication
genes in a cell are replicated
cell cancer characteristics
- large number of irregularly shaped cells clumped together
-lose specialized cell features
-cells vary in size and shape
-large, variably shaped nucleus
-disorganized arrangement of cells
yellow microarray
equal gene expression
black microarray
no expression in gene
green microarray
decreased expression in cancerous cells
red microarray
increased expression in cancerous cells
where does dna for a microarray come from?
it comes from a tissue sample from the patient
how does dna for a microarray become double stranded?
primers start and a pcr reaction creates the other strand of DNA
positive correlation coefficient
gene expression profiles behave similarily
negative correlation coefficient
gene expression profiles behave in opposite ways
one correlation coefficient
gene expression profiles behave identically
zero correlation coefficient
gene expression profiles behave in an unrelated manor
what can correlation coefficient tell us
asses the strength of associations between data variables
carcinoma
epithelial tissue
sarcoma
connective and muscle tissue
leukemia
blood
lympthoma
lymphatic system
how can oncogenes cause cancer
because they are a mutated gene and can start to grow out of control and prevent apoptosis
how can tumor suppressor gene cause cancer
the lack of a tumor suppressor gene is unable to stop cells from replicating and won’t be able to stop them
