Unit 1 test Flashcards
When was the value of fitness first recognized?
Ancient Greeks and romans would have competitions to demonstrate fitness
3000 years of PA competition
Big Points in the late 1700’s to early 1900’s related to PA
-colonization of the US through industrial revolution
- daily labor decreased due to physical jobs being overtaken by industrial jobs
- sedentary behavior started becoming more prevalent
- society wanted to become more healthy leading to advances in health care
- increase of infectious diseases led to more studies in diseases and pediatrics
PA in 1900’s - 1950’s
-physical education -> lots of research/more focused on fitness instead of skill learning
-PA became a national defense issue-> army soldiers needed to be strong and fit so there was an implentation of physical ed to get soldiers fit before they turned 18
-sport popularity -> people have more free times, jobs have become less physically intense, televise sports and modern olympic games
-1956 Eisenhower creates President’s Council of Youth Fitness
PA in 1960’s
- cold war began -> superpowers wanted to show physical superiority which led to performance enhancing drug use
- President’s Council on Physical fitness shifts away from traditional medical model
PA in 1970’s - 1980’s
- “fitness craze” -> fitness becomes an industry, exercise attire becomes a commercial entity
-body ideal shifts -> fitness models lower personal body positivity
Current views of PA and exercise?
- people think that to meet PA reqs they have to exercise and find it a “chore”
Define PA
any body movement produced by skeletal muscles that require energy
define exercise
planned, structured, and repetitive activities aimed at improving physical fitness and health
How did the ancient romans view the body and mind?
“a sound mind, a sound body”
what was hippocrates view on the body and mind
he urged the mentally ill to exercise
what did henry david thoreau think about the body and mind?
he thought cognitive function is attributed to physical activity
what did henry wadsworth longfellow think about the body and mind?
thought the lack of activity meant some sort of mental illness followed
what are some organizations that promote physical activity?
- president’s council on fitness, sports, and nutrition
- ACSM ( created the PA guideline)
- US Dept. of health and human services
- WHO
- Difference between PA guidelines in 1978 v now
1978: 3-5 x per week, vigorous, 20-45 mins, aerobic activity
Now: 150-300 or 70-150 mins per week, moderate-vigorous, 5 mins or more, aerobic with 2 days of strength training
- 3 criterion proving PA is a tomato effect
- PA is an efficacious therapy ->
“exercise is medicine”, widely agreed that both acute and chronic physical activity benefit every body system both physically and psychologically. The life expectancy of regular exercisers compared to physically inactive people lives seven years longer. - People ignore or reject PA ->
60-75% of Americans are not regularly physically active. 50% who start a PA program drop out within the first 6 months. Most common barriers: convenience, environmental factors, physical limitations, lack of time, boredom. - People know the benefits of PA ->
morrow and colleagues: asked people what activities can you do to get these health benefits.94% of adults are aware of traditional physical activities that provide a health benefit, 68% were aware of specific exercise guidelines for health
What is psychology?
- study of an individual’s attitudes, moods, cognitions, and behaviors
- The A (affect - emotions, moods, feeling), B (behavior), C (cognitive process)
- what is exercise psychology?
- study of an individual’s attitudes, moods, cognitions, and behaviors in the context of exercise
- study of the social and physical factors that influence them
- the ABC’s related to EX and SB
T or F
Psychology and exercise science/kinesiology related disciplines
true
How did exercise psychology develop?
Norman triplett in 1898 observed that cyclists perform faster when competing -> social facilitation
- what are the two primary goals/concerns of exercise psychology?
- the application of psychological principles to the promotion and maintenance of exercise
- the psychological and emotional consequences of exercise
why do we study exercise psychology?
- to understand the antecedents of behavior (adoption, adherence, noncompliance)
- to understand the psychological consequences of exercise (reduce negative, promote, positive)
how is exercise psychology and sport psychology related?
they’re sister disciplines
what does exercise psychology focus on?
non-elite, non-competitive motives, focus is on participation, general population
what does sport psychology focus on?
elite athletic performance, competitive performance, focus on performance outcomes, athletic population
- What is sedentary behavior?
waking activity characterized by energy expenditure of less than or equal to 1.5 METs in sitting or reclining posture
- what are the 5 different intensities of PA and give 2 examples of activities that fall in each category
sedentary - sitting or laying down
light - standing, leisurely walking
moderate - brisk walking, water aerobics
vigorous - BMX biking, jogging
high - running 6 mph, fast jump roping
- What did early sedentary behavior research Morris et al. do and what did they find?
London bus studies
conductors had lower risk of cardiovascular disease than drivers (who were sedentary)
- why is it important to study sedentarism separate from PA?
People believe in the time trade off theory (for every hour they are active there is one less hour being sedentary.
- who invalidated the time trade off theory and how
Craft et al.
found evidence that women meeting physical activity guidelines do not sit less - an observational inclinometry study
what is the health significance in the people who sit all day?
147% increased risk of cardiovascular disease
112% increased risk of type 2 diabetes
90% increased risk of dying from cardiac event
47% increased risk of premature mortality
- why is it so difficult to make recommendations on sedentary behavior
People won’t listen (the tomato effect) it also has many different recommendations for different ages
- examples of SB guidelines (will need one for test) WITH citation
Under 2: no screen time
2-4: less than 1 hr/day (less is better)
5-11: less than 2 hrs/day
12-17: limit recreational screen time
to no more than 2 hrs/day
For all ages: minimize sedentary time,
limit passive transport + extended sitting + time spent indoors
(Salmon et al., 2011)
3 different types of research designs
cross sectional - all the measurements are done at the same time with no follow-up period, a description of a sample at this one point in time
pretest/prosttest - participants are measured before and after a certain condition is experienced to determine if that condition resulted in a change
longitudinal - participants are measured at multiple time points to see if change over extended time periods is a factor
what are the steps in a research spiral?
identify the research problem, review the literature, specify a research purpose, collect data, analyze and interpret data, evaluate data and write report.
- explain the Deliens study
- purpose/ RQ
- research design
- how the data was collected
- the sample
- overall findings
RQ: identify determinants of physical activity and sedentary behavior in belgian university students and collect ideas and recommendations to increase PA and decrease SB
research design: Qualitative
data collection: statistics 20
sample: 5-10 participants in each group (7 groups) college students 1st year to 5th year
overall finding: students felt there were a lot of opportunities to work out but not for their specific group ie; beginners. or classes were too expensive
