Unit 1 test

Question 1

When was the value of fitness first recognized?

Answer 1

Ancient Greeks and romans would have competitions to demonstrate fitness
3000 years of PA competition

Question 2

Big Points in the late 1700’s to early 1900’s related to PA

Answer 2

-colonization of the US through industrial revolution
- daily labor decreased due to physical jobs being overtaken by industrial jobs
- sedentary behavior started becoming more prevalent
- society wanted to become more healthy leading to advances in health care
- increase of infectious diseases led to more studies in diseases and pediatrics

Question 3

PA in 1900’s - 1950’s

Answer 3

-physical education -> lots of research/more focused on fitness instead of skill learning
-PA became a national defense issue-> army soldiers needed to be strong and fit so there was an implentation of physical ed to get soldiers fit before they turned 18
-sport popularity -> people have more free times, jobs have become less physically intense, televise sports and modern olympic games
-1956 Eisenhower creates President’s Council of Youth Fitness

Question 4

PA in 1960’s

Answer 4

• cold war began -> superpowers wanted to show physical superiority which led to performance enhancing drug use
• President’s Council on Physical fitness shifts away from traditional medical model

Question 5

PA in 1970’s - 1980’s

Answer 5

• “fitness craze” -> fitness becomes an industry, exercise attire becomes a commercial entity
  -body ideal shifts -> fitness models lower personal body positivity

Question 6

Current views of PA and exercise?

Answer 6

• people think that to meet PA reqs they have to exercise and find it a “chore”

Question 7

Define PA

Answer 7

any body movement produced by skeletal muscles that require energy

Question 8

define exercise

Answer 8

planned, structured, and repetitive activities aimed at improving physical fitness and health

Question 9

How did the ancient romans view the body and mind?

Answer 9

“a sound mind, a sound body”

Question 10

what was hippocrates view on the body and mind

Answer 10

he urged the mentally ill to exercise

Question 11

what did henry david thoreau think about the body and mind?

Answer 11

he thought cognitive function is attributed to physical activity

Question 12

what did henry wadsworth longfellow think about the body and mind?

Answer 12

thought the lack of activity meant some sort of mental illness followed

Question 13

what are some organizations that promote physical activity?

Answer 13

• president’s council on fitness, sports, and nutrition
• ACSM ( created the PA guideline)
• US Dept. of health and human services
• WHO

Question 14

• Difference between PA guidelines in 1978 v now

Answer 14

1978: 3-5 x per week, vigorous, 20-45 mins, aerobic activity
Now: 150-300 or 70-150 mins per week, moderate-vigorous, 5 mins or more, aerobic with 2 days of strength training

Question 15

• 3 criterion proving PA is a tomato effect

Answer 15

• PA is an efficacious therapy ->
  “exercise is medicine”, widely agreed that both acute and chronic physical activity benefit every body system both physically and psychologically. The life expectancy of regular exercisers compared to physically inactive people lives seven years longer.
• People ignore or reject PA ->
  60-75% of Americans are not regularly physically active. 50% who start a PA program drop out within the first 6 months. Most common barriers: convenience, environmental factors, physical limitations, lack of time, boredom.
• People know the benefits of PA ->
  morrow and colleagues: asked people what activities can you do to get these health benefits.94% of adults are aware of traditional physical activities that provide a health benefit, 68% were aware of specific exercise guidelines for health

Question 16

What is psychology?

Answer 16

• study of an individual’s attitudes, moods, cognitions, and behaviors
• The A (affect - emotions, moods, feeling), B (behavior), C (cognitive process)

Question 17

• what is exercise psychology?

Answer 17

• study of an individual’s attitudes, moods, cognitions, and behaviors in the context of exercise
• study of the social and physical factors that influence them
• the ABC’s related to EX and SB

Question 18

T or F
Psychology and exercise science/kinesiology related disciplines

Answer 18

true

Question 19

How did exercise psychology develop?

Answer 19

Norman triplett in 1898 observed that cyclists perform faster when competing -> social facilitation

Question 20

• what are the two primary goals/concerns of exercise psychology?

Answer 20

• the application of psychological principles to the promotion and maintenance of exercise
• the psychological and emotional consequences of exercise

Question 21

why do we study exercise psychology?

Answer 21

• to understand the antecedents of behavior (adoption, adherence, noncompliance)
• to understand the psychological consequences of exercise (reduce negative, promote, positive)

Question 22

how is exercise psychology and sport psychology related?

Answer 22

they’re sister disciplines

Question 23

what does exercise psychology focus on?

Answer 23

non-elite, non-competitive motives, focus is on participation, general population

Question 24

what does sport psychology focus on?

Answer 24

elite athletic performance, competitive performance, focus on performance outcomes, athletic population

Question 25

• What is sedentary behavior?

Answer 25

waking activity characterized by energy expenditure of less than or equal to 1.5 METs in sitting or reclining posture

Question 26

• what are the 5 different intensities of PA and give 2 examples of activities that fall in each category

Answer 26

sedentary - sitting or laying down
light - standing, leisurely walking
moderate - brisk walking, water aerobics
vigorous - BMX biking, jogging
high - running 6 mph, fast jump roping

Question 27

• What did early sedentary behavior research Morris et al. do and what did they find?

Answer 27

London bus studies
conductors had lower risk of cardiovascular disease than drivers (who were sedentary)

Question 28

• why is it important to study sedentarism separate from PA?

Answer 28

People believe in the time trade off theory (for every hour they are active there is one less hour being sedentary.

Question 29

• who invalidated the time trade off theory and how

Answer 29

Craft et al.
found evidence that women meeting physical activity guidelines do not sit less - an observational inclinometry study

Question 30

what is the health significance in the people who sit all day?

Answer 30

147% increased risk of cardiovascular disease
112% increased risk of type 2 diabetes
90% increased risk of dying from cardiac event
47% increased risk of premature mortality

Question 31

• why is it so difficult to make recommendations on sedentary behavior

Answer 31

People won’t listen (the tomato effect) it also has many different recommendations for different ages

Question 32

• examples of SB guidelines (will need one for test) WITH citation

Answer 32

Under 2: no screen time
2-4: less than 1 hr/day (less is better)
5-11: less than 2 hrs/day
12-17: limit recreational screen time
to no more than 2 hrs/day
For all ages: minimize sedentary time,
limit passive transport + extended sitting + time spent indoors
(Salmon et al., 2011)

Question 33

3 different types of research designs

Answer 33

cross sectional - all the measurements are done at the same time with no follow-up period, a description of a sample at this one point in time
pretest/prosttest - participants are measured before and after a certain condition is experienced to determine if that condition resulted in a change
longitudinal - participants are measured at multiple time points to see if change over extended time periods is a factor

Question 34

what are the steps in a research spiral?

Answer 34

identify the research problem, review the literature, specify a research purpose, collect data, analyze and interpret data, evaluate data and write report.

Question 35

• explain the Deliens study
• purpose/ RQ
• research design
• how the data was collected
• the sample
• overall findings

Answer 35

RQ: identify determinants of physical activity and sedentary behavior in belgian university students and collect ideas and recommendations to increase PA and decrease SB
research design: Qualitative
data collection: statistics 20
sample: 5-10 participants in each group (7 groups) college students 1st year to 5th year
overall finding: students felt there were a lot of opportunities to work out but not for their specific group ie; beginners. or classes were too expensive