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biology 14-15 > Unit 1- taxonomy,characteristics of life, and chemical compounds of life > Flashcards

Unit 1- taxonomy,characteristics of life, and chemical compounds of life Flashcards

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0
Q

what is an organism?

A

an individual living thing

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1
Q

what is biology?

A

the study of living things

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2
Q

what are the characteristics of a scientific name?

A

1) usually Latin roots
2) composed of 2 words:
•1st word=genus
•2nd word=species
3) 1st word (genus) capitalized
2nd word (species) lowercase
4) must be underlined or italicized

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3
Q

name the classification levels/taxonomic levels from most general to most specific

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum (Division for plants)
Class
Order
Family 
Genus 
Species
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4
Q

what is taxonomy?

A

a branch of biology that deals with the classifying and naming of living things

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5
Q

who is the “father of taxonomy”?

A

Carolus Linnaeus-

•a Swedish botanist

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6
Q

which two kingdoms were in the original classification system?

A

plant and animal

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7
Q

what was the original classification system based on?

A

physical characteristics of the organism

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8
Q

name the three domains

A
  • bacteria
  • archaea
  • eukarya
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9
Q

describe this domain: bacteria

A
  • this domain contains decomposers, photosynthesizers, & few cause disease
  • bacteria come in many shapes
  • contains the kingdom eubacteria
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10
Q

describe this domain: archaea

A
  • life’s extremists:
  • •methanogens: “methane makers”
  • •extreme halophiles: “salt lovers”
  • •extreme thermophiles: “heat/cold lovers”
  • they are believed to be extremely ancient
  • includes kingdom eubacteria
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11
Q

describe this domain: eukarya

A

includes these kingdoms:
•protista: single celled

  • fungi: mushrooms, molds, yeast
  • plantae: flowering plants, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms
  • animalia: contains many organisms
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12
Q

describe this kingdom: Plantae

A
  • domain: eukarya
  • photosynthetic
  • autotrophs
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13
Q

describe this kingdom: Animalia

A
  • domain: eukarya
  • multicellular
  • heterotrophs
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14
Q

describe this kingdom: archaebacteria

A
  • more ancient than eubacteria
  • live in very extreme environments, so it is rare than we come into contact with them
  • currently in the domain Archaea
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15
Q

describe this kingdom: Eubacteria

A
  • they are commonly found in the same environment we are in, so we come into contact with them all the time
  • they are currently in the domain Archaea
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16
Q

what is the discussion about bacteria?

A

scientists argue about whether bacteria should be in the same kingdom called monera, or if they should remain in two different kingdoms like they are now (archaebacteria & eubacteria)

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17
Q

describe this kingdom: Protista

A
  • includes mostly unicellular organisms
  • in domain eukarya (so they have a nucleus)
  • can be heterotrophic or autotrophic
  • most live in water
  • two main groups: Algae and Protozoa
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18
Q

describe this kingdom: fungi

A
  • in domain eukarya (have a nucleus)
  • includes yeast, molds, mushrooms
  • they are heterotrophic
  • could be sexual or asexual
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19
Q

what is binomial nomenclature?

A
  • it means “two names”
  • it is the way to write a scientific name for organisms
  • ex: Ho̠m̠o̠ s̠a̠p̠i̠e̠n̠s̠
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20
Q

what is the criteria for classification of organisms?

A
  • biochemical information
  • •DNA (genetic information), protein analysis
  • cytological information (cell structure)
  • embryonic development
  • behavior
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21
Q

why do we use scientific names?

A

1) organisms have one scientific name, but could have multiple different common names
2) common names vary based on location
3) common names can be misleading or confusing

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22
Q

what is a taxonomic key?

A
  • a tool used to identify organisms already classified by taxonomists
  • aka dichotomous keys
  • consists of a series of paired statements that describe alternative characteristics of the organism
  • ex: finding a leaf and finding out what tree it came from
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23
Q

what is a prokaryotic cell?

A
  • cell without a nucleus
  • DNA not organized
  • bacteria
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24
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell?

A
  • a cell with a nucleus
  • nucleus contains DNA
  • about 10x larger than a prokaryotic cell
  • many membrane-bound organelles
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25
Q

describe a unicellular organism

A

•composed of one cell

  • examples:
  • •paramecium
  • •amoeba
  • •euglena
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26
Q

describe a colonial organism

A
  • a group of few to many cells that are often loosely attached to each other
  • each cell could survive on its own, but have an easier time together (think, people living in a colony
  • examples:
  • •algae
  • •volvox
  • •bacteria
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27
Q

describe specialized cells

A
  • they are in multicellular organisms
  • these cells depend on each other to do their jobs
  • each cell has a different, specific job
  • examples:
  • •muscle cells
  • •nerve cells
  • •bone cells
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28
Q

in order from smallest to largest, what is the complexity levels in multicellular organisms

A

cells→tissues→organs→organ systems→organism

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29
Q

what is a heterotroph?

A

•an organism that obtains their food/nutrition from their environment
(consumers)

•either through absorption or ingestion

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30
Q

what is an autotroph?

A
  • an organism that makes their own food (producer)

* will either be photosynthetic of chemosynthetic

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31
Q

what is absorption?

A
  • one mode of a heterotroph
  • release enzymes outside of their body, digest the food outside of their body, and absorb nutrients
  • fungi do this
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32
Q

what is ingestion?

A
  • one mode of a heterotroph
  • they take food into the body to digest and absorb it
  • humans do this
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33
Q

what does it mean to be photosynthetic?

A
  • one mode of an autotroph
  • uses sunlight, H₂O, CO₂, to make organic compounds (sugar/carbs) for food
  • plants do this
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34
Q

what does it mean to be chemosynthetic?

A
  • one mode of an autotroph
  • don’t use sunlight
  • use compounds other than those used in photosynthesizers to make organic compounds/food
  • some types of bacteria do this
35
Q

what are the 9 characteristics of life?

A
  • life is based on organic chemistry
  • composed of at least one cell
  • use energy
  • form and size range
  • growth
  • life span
  • response to environment
  • reproduction
  • adapt-evolve over time
36
Q

what is the organic chemistry all life is made of?

A

carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

37
Q

what is homeostasis?

A
  • the condition of a constant internal environment

* life processes needed to maintain a fairly constant environment within an organism

38
Q

what are the 9 life processes?

A
  • nutrition
  • transport
  • respiration
  • synthesis
  • growth
  • excretion
  • regulation
  • reproduction
  • metabolism
39
Q

describe nutrition

A
  • taking materials from external environment and changing them into forms they can use
  • heterotroph vs autotroph
40
Q

describe transport

A

•process by which substances enter & leave cells and become distributed within the cells

41
Q

describe respiration

A
  • process which releases chemical energy stored in food
  • NOT BREATHING
  • aerobic & anaerobic respiration
42
Q

What is the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?

A
  • aerobic respiration requires O₂

* anaerobic respiration occurs without O₂

43
Q

describe synthesis

A
  • building compounds

* combine simple substances (products of digestion) chemically to form more complex substances

44
Q

describe assimilation

A
  • incorporation of materials into an organism’s body

* these compounds were built by synthesis

45
Q

describe growth

A

•process by which organisms increase in size

46
Q

describe how unicellular organisms grow

A

•increase in cell size

47
Q

describe how multicellular organisms grow

A
  • increase in both number and size of the cell
  • •a cell can only get so big

•accompanied by cellular specialization

48
Q

describe excretion

A
  • removal of wastes from the body

* wastes are products of chemical reactions that occur within cells

49
Q

Describe regulation

A
  • all activities that help maintain an organism’s homeostasis
  • examples: nervous & endocrine system (hormones)
50
Q

describe reproduction

A
  • process by which living things produce new organisms of their own kind
  • not necessary for survival of an individual- just for survival of a species
  • include asexual & sexual reproduction
51
Q

what are the characteristics of asexual reproduction?

A
  • one parent

* offspring identical to its parent (genetically)

52
Q

what are the characteristics of sexual reproduction?

A
  • two parents

* offspring not identical to either parent

53
Q

describe metabolism

A
  • all of the chemical reactions occurring within the cells of an organism (sum total)
  • continuous release & use of energy
  • catabolism+anabolism=metabolism
54
Q

describe catabolism

A
  • part of metabolism
  • catabolic reactions
  • reactions that release energy
  • reactions that break things apart
55
Q

describe anabolism

A
  • part of metabolism
  • anabolic reactions
  • reactions that use energy
  • reactions that put things together
56
Q

what is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds?

A
  • organic compounds contain Carbon

* organic compounds are typically more complex

57
Q

organic compounds contain these elements:

A

•CHONPS

  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Nitrogen
  • Phosphorus
  • Sulfur
58
Q

what are the 4 macromolecules?

A

•polysaccharides/carbohydrates

•

59
Q

What is the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?

A
  • aerobic respiration requires O₂

* anaerobic respiration occurs without O₂

60
Q

describe synthesis

A
  • building compounds

* combine simple substances (products of digestion) chemically to form more complex substances

61
Q

describe assimilation

A
  • incorporation of materials into an organism’s body

* these compounds were built by synthesis

62
Q

describe growth

A

•process by which organisms increase in size

63
Q

describe how unicellular organisms grow

A

•increase in cell size

64
Q

describe how multicellular organisms grow

A
  • increase in both number and size of the cell
  • •a cell can only get so big

•accompanied by cellular specialization

65
Q

describe excretion

A
  • removal of wastes from the body

* wastes are products of chemical reactions that occur within cells

66
Q

Describe regulation

A
  • all activities that help maintain an organism’s homeostasis
  • examples: nervous & endocrine system (hormones)
67
Q

describe reproduction

A
  • process by which living things produce new organisms of their own kind
  • not necessary for survival of an individual- just for survival of a species
  • include asexual & sexual reproduction
68
Q

what are the characteristics of asexual reproduction?

A
  • one parent

* offspring identical to its parent (genetically)

69
Q

what are the characteristics of sexual reproduction?

A
  • two parents

* offspring not identical to either parent

70
Q

describe metabolism

A
  • all of the chemical reactions occurring within the cells of an organism (sum total)
  • continuous release & use of energy
  • catabolism+anabolism=metabolism
71
Q

describe catabolism

A
  • part of metabolism
  • catabolic reactions
  • reactions that release energy
  • reactions that break things apart
72
Q

describe anabolism

A
  • part of metabolism
  • anabolic reactions
  • reactions that use energy
  • reactions that put things together
73
Q

what is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds?

A
  • organic compounds contain Carbon

* organic compounds are typically more complex

74
Q

organic compounds contain these elements:

A

•CHONPS

  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Nitrogen
  • Phosphorus
  • Sulfur
75
Q

what are the 4 macromolecules?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • lipids
  • nucleic acids
76
Q

What charge does each part of H₂O have? explain why

A

*H₂O is partially charged– it’s a polar molecule– the electrons are not being shared easily

  • Oxygen has a partial negative charge- because it hold the electrons closer to itself
  • Hydrogen has a partial positive charge because it doesn’t hold the electrons as close
77
Q

what is cohesion?

A
  • a property of H₂O
  • attraction between molecules of the same substance– why water makes perfect droplets every time
  • allows water to absorb large amounts of heat without a big change in temperature– protects organisms from overheating
78
Q

what is adhesion?

A
  • property of water
  • attraction between the water molecules & molecules of another substance
  • makes water good at dissolving things
  • why droplets stick to other surfaces
79
Q

what does it mean to be a solvent?

A

•the substance is great at dissolving things.

80
Q

Describe capillary action

A
  • action of water being drawn up within small tubes
  • caused by cohesion and adhesion
  • this is involved with transporting water within plants from the roots to the leaves
  • it will climb higher in narrower tubes
81
Q

what makes carbon so good at forming bonds?

A
  • carbon has 4 valence electrons
  • carbon can form 4 covalent bonds with a variety of atoms
  • this ability makes large, complex molecules (chains & rings) possible
  • “duct tape of life” sticks to other atoms and other carbons
82
Q

what are carbohydrates made of, and and to what ratio?

A

C, H, O

1 : 2 : 1

83
Q

what is the molecular formula of glucose?

A

C₆H₁₂O₆

84
Q

what are some examples of monosaccharides?

where do we get them from?

A
  • glucose
  • galactose
  • fructose

•get them from fruits

85
Q

what are some examples of disaccharides?

where do we get them from?

A
  • sucrose
  • maltose
  • fructose

•get them from sweets

biology 14-15 (5 decks)

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