Unit 1 Session 1

Question 1

Meaning Based
(2)
(Classifications of Writing Systems)

Answer 1

a. Pictographic (Glyphs)

b. Logographic (Chinese Radicals)

Question 2

Sound-Based
(4)
(Classifications of Writing Systems)

Answer 2

a. syllabic (Cherokee)
b. Alphabetic
c. Shallow (Serbo-Croatian)
d. Deep Morphophonemic (English)

Question 3

Morphophonemic

Answer 3

that spellings represent both speech sounds (phonemes) and meaningful units (morphemes).

the term used to describe the characteristics of English orthography is morphophonemic, which means that it is a deep alphabetic writing system organized by both “sound-symbol” correspondences and morphology.

Question 4

English Orthography

Answer 4

a writing system for representing language.

a product of historical evolution-presents special challenges that distinguish it from other alphabetic writing systems.

Question 5

% of all fourth-graders have scored “below basic” in reading, and additional % have only achieved basic competence.

Answer 5

Total of 65%

31 % of all fourth-graders have scored “below basic” in reading, and additional 33% have only achieved basic competence.

Question 6

% of all fourth-graders are “proficient” or “advanced”

Answer 6

36 % of all fourth-graders are “proficient” or “advanced”

Question 7

% of white students are “proficient” or “advanced” only % of African American students and % of Hispanic students fall into these categories.

Answer 7

46% of white students are “proficient” or “advanced” only 18% of African American students and 21% of Hispanic students fall into these categories.

Question 8

Our brains has evolved to process spoken and language much more easily than

Answer 8

alphabetic writing

Question 9

Human Brain evolved over about 100,000 years to support the development of

Answer 9

spoken language

Question 10

Has only been existence for 12,000 to 15,000 years-not enough time for the human brain to evolve the functional adaptations and pathways required for reading.

Answer 10

Written Language

Question 11

generated less, than 5,000 years ago, is a very recent achievement in human evolution

Answer 11

Alphabetic Writing

Question 12

First primitive writing systems directly represented or made pictures of the intended meaning

Answer 12

Pictograms

Question 13

evolved but they continued to use symbols to represent units of meaning (logographs) rather than units of sound.

Answer 13

Abstract Symbolic Systems

Question 14

The Simple View of Reading

Answer 14

Word X Language = Reading

Recognition Comprehension Comprehension

Question 15

If students cannot decode printed English, they cannot comprehend it. If students cannot comprehend spoken English, they cannot comprehend written English either.

Question 16

These 3 skills are LEAST correlated with reading comprehension in children. They are surprisingly unrelated to reading and writing skills. (e.g., puzzle construction, the ability to draw)

Answer 16

Visual-Motor Skills and Visual-Spatial Reasoning and Visual Perception

Question 17

One language that shares a common ancestor and common meanings with a word in another language. Ex: Many Spanish words, such as problema or diagrama, are cognates that are built around the same Latin and Greek prefixes, suffixes, or roots that English words also employ.

Answer 17

Cognate

Question 18

The ability to think about and reflect on the structure of language itself. The invention of the alphabet was an achievement in

Answer 18

Metalinguistic Awareness

Question 19

The accurate and fast retrieval of decoded word forms, is essential for the development of reading comprehension.

Answer 19

Word Recognition

Question 20

The major domain on which reading depends, refers to listening comprehension or the linguistic processes involved in the comprehension of oral language.

Answer 20

Language comprehension

Question 21

The study of the relationships between letters, and the sounds they represent; also used as a descriptor for code-based instruction.

Answer 21

phonics

Question 22

The conscious awareness of the individual speech sounds (consonants and vowels) in spoken syllables and the ability to consciously manipulate those sounds.

Answer 22

phonemic awareness

Question 23

Common sense, human history, and reading research contradict the idea that most children learn to read naturally, the way they learn to talk.

Question 24

The unit of pronunciation that is organized around a vowel; it may or may not have a consonant after the vowel.

Answer 24

syllable

Question 25

English is a deep (or opaque) alphabetic orthography. It’s spelling system represents ________ (meaningful parts) as well as speech sound.

The smallest meaningful unit of language; it may be a word or a part of a word; it maybe a single sound (plural /s/), one syllable (suffix-ful), or multiple syllables (prefix inter-).

Answer 25

morphemes (meaningful parts)

Question 26

It is impossible to read an alphabetic writing system unless one can mentally link the alphabetic symbols with the single speech sounds or phonemes that they represent. All alphabets require speech sound (phoneme) awareness by the reader.

Question 27

a word in one langaguge that shares a common ancestor and common meanings with a word in another langaguge. Many Spanish words, such as problema or diagrama, are cognates that are built around the same Latin and Greek prefixes, suffixes, or roots that English words also employ.

Answer 27

cognate

Question 28

the ability to think about and reflect on the structure of language itself. The invention of the alphabet was an achievement.

Answer 28

metalinguistic awareness

Question 29

Language comprehension, the other major domain on which reading depends, refers to listening comprehension or the linguistic processes involved in the comprehension of oral langaguge.

Question 30

Word recognition, or the accurate and fast retrieval of decoded word forms, is essential for the development of reading comprehension.

Question 31

The ability to translate a word from print to speech, usually by employing knowledge, of sound-symbol correspondences.

Answer 31

decoding