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AP Psychology > Unit 1: Scientific Foundations of Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 1: Scientific Foundations of Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Socrates and Plato’s belief that the mind and body are seperate; ideas were innate (nature/born with)

A

Dualism

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2
Q

Aristotle’s belief that the mind cannot be separated from the body because they were the aspects of the same thing; ideas resulted from experiences (nurture)

A

Monism

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3
Q

A person who agreed with Socrates and Plato’s beliefs; how mind and body work together

A

Rene Descartes

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4
Q

Natural selection

A

Charles Darwin

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5
Q

Father of modern science

A

Sir Francis Bacon

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6
Q

Wrote that our minds are a “blank slate”; Empiricism (knowledge comes from experiences), agreed with Bacon to use experiments

A

John Locke

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7
Q

Father of Psychology; founder of experimental psychology; 1st experiment; introspection

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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8
Q

Brain structure; aimed to classify and identify different structures of consciousness. Used self-reported introspection (looking inside) to analyze consciousness into its basic elements

A

Structuralism

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9
Q

Aimed to investigate how mental processes function and enable the organism to adapt and survive

A

Functionalism

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10
Q

Father of American Psychology; strongest proponents of the school of functionalism

A

William James

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11
Q

Structuralism who worked under Wundt

A

E.B Titchner

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12
Q

Students of James; 1st female president of APA

A

Mary Calkins

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13
Q

First president of APA

A

G. Stanley Hall

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14
Q

Psych through time (4):

A
  1. Consciousness/unconscious
  2. Behaviorism
  3. Testing mental abilities
  4. Scientific study of behaviors and mental processes
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15
Q

Founder of psychoanalysis and developed techniques such as free association and transference; his theory of unconscious included Id, ego, and superego

A

Sigmund Freud

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16
Q

Followed Pavlov, tortured Albert, father of behaviorism

A

John Watson

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17
Q

Learning and living to be the best version of yourself

A

Humanistic Approach

18
Q

Brain chemistry

A

Biological Approach

19
Q

Unconscious conflicts, usually sexual or aggressive instincts

A

Psychodynamic Approach

20
Q

How people receive, store, retrieve, and process information; thinking

A

Cognitive Approach

21
Q

Learning, especially each person’s experience with rewards and punishments

A

Behavioral Approach

22
Q

Influence of others; society and person’s culture shaping behaviors and thought processes

A

Sociocultural Approach

23
Q

Behavior and mental processes are adaptive for survival

A

Evolutionary Approach

24
Q

Focus on research, usually in a lab, to increase knowledge about human thinking and human and animal behavior

A

Basic Psychologists

25
Q

Work face-to-face with clients, students, or patients; outside of Psychology

A

Applied Psychologists

26
Q

Helping with everyday life in achieving greater well being

A

Counseling psychologist

27
Q

Studies, assesses, and treats people with disorders; diagnose

A

Clinical psychologist

28
Q

Studying one person or group in-depth in hope of revealing universal principles; unusual condition

A

Case study

29
Q

Description of something in terms of the operations (procedures, actions, or processes) by which it could be observed and measured.

A

Operational definition

30
Q

Reproducing/repeating the study, usually with different participants and situation, to see if they have the same results

A

Replication

31
Q

A quantitative, systematic method that summarises the findings of multiple studies investigating similar phenomena.

A

Meta-Analysis

32
Q

All individuals who can potentially participate in a study

A

Population

33
Q

Everyone in a population has an equal chance of being selected in an experiment

A

Random Sample

34
Q

Every participant has a chance of being either in experimental or placebo group

A

Random assignment

35
Q

Sample that has the characteristics that are similar to those in the population

A

Representative Sample

36
Q

The unconscious tendency for researchers to treat member of the experimental and control groups differently to increase the chance of confirming their hypothesis

A

Experimenter Bias

37
Q

the collection of samples that do not accurately represent the entire group

A

Sampling Bias

38
Q

A factor other than the independent variable that might produce the effect

A

Confounding Variable

39
Q

How well a test measures something that it’s supposed to measure

A

Validity

40
Q

The consistency of the results

A

Reliability

41
Q

Collecting data and summarizing it

A

Descriptive Statistics

AP Psychology (3 decks)

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