Unit 1: Scientific Foundations of Psychology

Question 1

Socrates and Plato’s belief that the mind and body are seperate; ideas were innate (nature/born with)

Answer 1

Dualism

Question 2

Aristotle’s belief that the mind cannot be separated from the body because they were the aspects of the same thing; ideas resulted from experiences (nurture)

Answer 2

Monism

Question 3

A person who agreed with Socrates and Plato’s beliefs; how mind and body work together

Answer 3

Rene Descartes

Question 4

Natural selection

Answer 4

Charles Darwin

Question 5

Father of modern science

Answer 5

Sir Francis Bacon

Question 6

Wrote that our minds are a “blank slate”; Empiricism (knowledge comes from experiences), agreed with Bacon to use experiments

Answer 6

John Locke

Question 7

Father of Psychology; founder of experimental psychology; 1st experiment; introspection

Answer 7

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 8

Brain structure; aimed to classify and identify different structures of consciousness. Used self-reported introspection (looking inside) to analyze consciousness into its basic elements

Answer 8

Structuralism

Question 9

Aimed to investigate how mental processes function and enable the organism to adapt and survive

Answer 9

Functionalism

Question 10

Father of American Psychology; strongest proponents of the school of functionalism

Answer 10

William James

Question 11

Structuralism who worked under Wundt

Answer 11

E.B Titchner

Question 12

Students of James; 1st female president of APA

Answer 12

Mary Calkins

Question 13

First president of APA

Answer 13

G. Stanley Hall

Question 14

Psych through time (4):

Answer 14

1. Consciousness/unconscious
2. Behaviorism
3. Testing mental abilities
4. Scientific study of behaviors and mental processes

Question 15

Founder of psychoanalysis and developed techniques such as free association and transference; his theory of unconscious included Id, ego, and superego

Answer 15

Sigmund Freud

Question 16

Followed Pavlov, tortured Albert, father of behaviorism

Answer 16

John Watson

Question 17

Learning and living to be the best version of yourself

Answer 17

Humanistic Approach

Question 18

Brain chemistry

Answer 18

Biological Approach

Question 19

Unconscious conflicts, usually sexual or aggressive instincts

Answer 19

Psychodynamic Approach

Question 20

How people receive, store, retrieve, and process information; thinking

Answer 20

Cognitive Approach

Question 21

Learning, especially each person’s experience with rewards and punishments

Answer 21

Behavioral Approach

Question 22

Influence of others; society and person’s culture shaping behaviors and thought processes

Answer 22

Sociocultural Approach

Question 23

Behavior and mental processes are adaptive for survival

Answer 23

Evolutionary Approach

Question 24

Focus on research, usually in a lab, to increase knowledge about human thinking and human and animal behavior

Answer 24

Basic Psychologists

Question 25

Work face-to-face with clients, students, or patients; outside of Psychology

Answer 25

Applied Psychologists

Question 26

Helping with everyday life in achieving greater well being

Answer 26

Counseling psychologist

Question 27

Studies, assesses, and treats people with disorders; diagnose

Answer 27

Clinical psychologist

Question 28

Studying one person or group in-depth in hope of revealing universal principles; unusual condition

Answer 28

Case study

Question 29

Description of something in terms of the operations (procedures, actions, or processes) by which it could be observed and measured.

Answer 29

Operational definition

Question 30

Reproducing/repeating the study, usually with different participants and situation, to see if they have the same results

Answer 30

Replication

Question 31

A quantitative, systematic method that summarises the findings of multiple studies investigating similar phenomena.

Answer 31

Meta-Analysis

Question 32

All individuals who can potentially participate in a study

Answer 32

Population

Question 33

Everyone in a population has an equal chance of being selected in an experiment

Answer 33

Random Sample

Question 34

Every participant has a chance of being either in experimental or placebo group

Answer 34

Random assignment

Question 35

Sample that has the characteristics that are similar to those in the population

Answer 35

Representative Sample

Question 36

The unconscious tendency for researchers to treat member of the experimental and control groups differently to increase the chance of confirming their hypothesis

Answer 36

Experimenter Bias

Question 37

the collection of samples that do not accurately represent the entire group

Answer 37

Sampling Bias

Question 38

A factor other than the independent variable that might produce the effect

Answer 38

Confounding Variable

Question 39

How well a test measures something that it's supposed to measure

Answer 39

Validity

Question 40

The consistency of the results

Answer 40

Reliability

Question 41

Collecting data and summarizing it

Answer 41

Descriptive Statistics