Unit 1: Scientific Foundations of Psychology Flashcards
Socrates and Plato’s belief that the mind and body are seperate; ideas were innate (nature/born with)
Dualism
Aristotle’s belief that the mind cannot be separated from the body because they were the aspects of the same thing; ideas resulted from experiences (nurture)
Monism
A person who agreed with Socrates and Plato’s beliefs; how mind and body work together
Rene Descartes
Natural selection
Charles Darwin
Father of modern science
Sir Francis Bacon
Wrote that our minds are a “blank slate”; Empiricism (knowledge comes from experiences), agreed with Bacon to use experiments
John Locke
Father of Psychology; founder of experimental psychology; 1st experiment; introspection
Wilhelm Wundt
Brain structure; aimed to classify and identify different structures of consciousness. Used self-reported introspection (looking inside) to analyze consciousness into its basic elements
Structuralism
Aimed to investigate how mental processes function and enable the organism to adapt and survive
Functionalism
Father of American Psychology; strongest proponents of the school of functionalism
William James
Structuralism who worked under Wundt
E.B Titchner
Students of James; 1st female president of APA
Mary Calkins
First president of APA
G. Stanley Hall
Psych through time (4):
- Consciousness/unconscious
- Behaviorism
- Testing mental abilities
- Scientific study of behaviors and mental processes
Founder of psychoanalysis and developed techniques such as free association and transference; his theory of unconscious included Id, ego, and superego
Sigmund Freud
Followed Pavlov, tortured Albert, father of behaviorism
John Watson
Learning and living to be the best version of yourself
Humanistic Approach
Brain chemistry
Biological Approach
Unconscious conflicts, usually sexual or aggressive instincts
Psychodynamic Approach
How people receive, store, retrieve, and process information; thinking
Cognitive Approach
Learning, especially each person’s experience with rewards and punishments
Behavioral Approach
Influence of others; society and person’s culture shaping behaviors and thought processes
Sociocultural Approach
Behavior and mental processes are adaptive for survival
Evolutionary Approach
Focus on research, usually in a lab, to increase knowledge about human thinking and human and animal behavior
Basic Psychologists
Work face-to-face with clients, students, or patients; outside of Psychology
Applied Psychologists
Helping with everyday life in achieving greater well being
Counseling psychologist
Studies, assesses, and treats people with disorders; diagnose
Clinical psychologist
Studying one person or group in-depth in hope of revealing universal principles; unusual condition
Case study
Description of something in terms of the operations (procedures, actions, or processes) by which it could be observed and measured.
Operational definition
Reproducing/repeating the study, usually with different participants and situation, to see if they have the same results
Replication
A quantitative, systematic method that summarises the findings of multiple studies investigating similar phenomena.
Meta-Analysis
All individuals who can potentially participate in a study
Population
Everyone in a population has an equal chance of being selected in an experiment
Random Sample
Every participant has a chance of being either in experimental or placebo group
Random assignment
Sample that has the characteristics that are similar to those in the population
Representative Sample
The unconscious tendency for researchers to treat member of the experimental and control groups differently to increase the chance of confirming their hypothesis
Experimenter Bias
the collection of samples that do not accurately represent the entire group
Sampling Bias
A factor other than the independent variable that might produce the effect
Confounding Variable
How well a test measures something that it’s supposed to measure
Validity
The consistency of the results
Reliability
Collecting data and summarizing it
Descriptive Statistics
