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Unit 1. science biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

The nucleus controls the cell’s activities and contains genetic material (DNA).

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2
Q

What is the powerhouse of the cell?

A

The mitochondria, which produce energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.

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3
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?

A

Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts.

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4
Q

What does magnification mean in microscopy?

A

Magnification refers to how much larger an object appears compared to its actual size.

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5
Q

What part of the microscope controls the amount of light passing through the specimen?

A

The diaphragm or iris.

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6
Q

What is the basic unit of heredity?

A

A gene.

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7
Q

How many chromosomes are in a human cell?

A

46 chromosomes (23 pairs).

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8
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA?

A

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G).

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9
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

Mitosis creates two identical daughter cells for growth, repair, or reproduction.

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10
Q

What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion?

A

Osmosis is the movement of water across a membrane, while diffusion is the movement of particles from high to low concentration.

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11
Q

In what stage of mitosis do the chromosomes align in the center of the cell?

A

Metaphase.

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12
Q

What happens during interphase in the cell cycle?

A

The cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for mitosis.

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13
Q

What is cancer?

A

Cancer is the result of uncontrolled cell division caused by mutations in the DNA that bypass cell cycle checkpoints.

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14
Q

What is the role of xylem in plants?

A

Xylem transports water and nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant.

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15
Q

What organelle is unique to plant cells and aids in photosynthesis?

A

Chloroplasts.

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16
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

A stem cell is an unspecialized cell that can develop into different types of specialized cells.

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17
Q

What type of tissue is responsible for covering body surfaces?

A

Epithelial tissue.

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18
Q

What is the main function of the digestive system?

A

To break down food into nutrients that the body can absorb and use.

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19
Q

Which organ is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body?

A

The heart.

20
Q

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

A

To exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment.

21
Q

How does exercise benefit the circulatory system?

A

Exercise strengthens the heart, improves circulation, and reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease.

22
Q

What is the main role of the phospholipid bilayer?

A

To control what enters and exits the cell.

23
Q

How do mitochondria and chloroplasts differ in their energy roles?

A

Mitochondria make ATP from glucose; chloroplasts make glucose from sunlight.

24
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

They digest waste and broken cell parts.

25
Q

Why are both magnification and resolution important in microscopy?

A

Magnification enlarges; resolution shows detail.

26
Q

Why do scientists stain cells before viewing under a microscope?

A

To make cell structures easier to see.

27
Q

What are chromosomes made of?

A

DNA tightly coiled around proteins.

28
Q

What is the role of DNA in cells?

A

It stores genetic information.

29
Q

How do genes relate to proteins?

A

Genes provide instructions to make proteins.

30
Q

What happens during anaphase in mitosis?

A

Sister chromatids are pulled apart.

31
Q

What is the main difference between osmosis and diffusion?

A

Osmosis is water movement; diffusion is particle movement.

32
Q

Why is mitosis important for multicellular organisms?

A

It allows growth and cell repair.

33
Q

What happens at the G1 checkpoint?

A

The cell checks for DNA damage and readiness for DNA replication.

34
Q

How does cancer develop in relation to the cell cycle?

A

Cancer develops when cell cycle checkpoints fail, leading to uncontrolled division.

35
Q

What phase of the cell cycle is the longest?

A

Interphase.

36
Q

What is the function of the xylem in plants?

A

It transports water from roots to leaves.

37
Q

How do plant cells differ from animal cells?

A

Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts, and large vacuoles.

38
Q

What is the main role of the stomata in leaves?

A

Gas exchange.

39
Q

What is the difference between embryonic and adult stem cells?

A

Embryonic cells can become any type; adult cells are more limited.

40
Q

What is the function of connective tissue in animals?

A

To support and connect different parts of the body.

41
Q

How does nervous tissue function in the body?

A

It transmits electrical signals for communication.

42
Q

What is the primary function of the small intestine?

A

Nutrient absorption.

43
Q

What does the circulatory system transport?

A

Blood, oxygen, and nutrients.

44
Q

How do the lungs function in the respiratory system?

A

They exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.

45
Q

How does exercise improve cardiovascular health?

A

It strengthens the heart and improves circulation.

46
Q

How does proper hydration affect the body’s systems?

A

It helps organs function and maintains blood volume.

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