Unit 1 Psychosocial Flashcards
sex vs. gender
sex: the biological differences between males and females
gender: the manner in which the society defines and constructs these differences
gender role
parts of patterns of behaviour that males and females should adopt in a particular society
gender role norms
society’s standards on how males and females should be like
gender typing
children become aware that they are biologically male or female
Psychoanalytic theory of gender development
- unconscious urges
1. phallic stage - penis becomes main concern and focus. experience maturation in a way that boys become aware of their sexual organs
- oedipus complex - boy becomes jealous of their fathers and secretly want to replace them
- superego - the judgemental side of personality. boys are fascinated with guns and superhero’s because of their secret urge to kill their fathers
- identification - child deal with their guilt by becoming more like their same-sex parent (behaviour & attitudes)
* electra complex: female version of oedipus
Behaviourism of gender development
- social reinforcement and cyclical reinforcement/punishment
gender identity is achieved in two ways:
1. differential reinforcement: parents teach boys how to be boys and girls how to be girls. gender-appropriate behaviour are rewarded and gender-inapproprite behaviour are punished
- observational learning: child’s behaviour is influenced by observation of models: parents/ family members/ peers/ celebrities
Socio-cultural theory of gender development
- gender pattern exist in every culture
- preferred behaviour for men and women adopted by children
Cognitive theory
- children form ‘gender schema’ of sexes, immature categorisation / a cognitive concept or general belief based on one’s experiences.
- categorisation of sexual opposites
- achieve gender stability (gender ID stable over time)
- achieve gender consistency (gender ID stable across situations)
Define socioeconomic status and name the four parameters by which it is measured
- grouping of people with similar occupational, education and economic characteristics
- levels of education attainment
- place of residence
- occupations that level in prestige
- wealth and income
Family structure
legal and genetic relationships among relatives living in the same home
Define family function and list the five primary functions of a family
- how a family cares for its members
- provide basic/material needs (food, clothing, shelter)
- encourage learning
- develop self-respect and self esteem
- nurture friendship with peers
- provide harmony and stability
Culture
the behaviour, patterns, beliefs and all other products of a group of people that are passed on from generation to generation
Characteristics of culture
- made up of ideas, values and assumptions about life
- transmitted from generation to generation
- people react emotionally when their culture values are violated
- people accept a cultural value at one point in life and reject it at another
Factors that influence parenting
- culture - influence parenting style, shapes attitude, behaviour, norms, traditions and customs
- socioeconomic status - influence child-rearig styles and thoughts on education
- family income - higher income = easier to fulfil the 5 basic needs of family. parents living in poverty tend to be less affectionate and responsive and any punish harshly and inconsistently. families under economic stress are less likely to monitor children’s activities
- work of the mother - the more satisfied the mother is with her employment status, the more effective she is likely to be as a parent. how work affects children depends on how much time and energy parents have left to spend with them
Outline the language development of infants
newborn - reflexive communication 2 months - meaningful sounds 3 - 8 months - new noises 8 - 10 months - babbling 10 - 12 months - comprehension of simple words 12 months - first spoken words 13 - 18 months - slow growth of vocab 18 months - naming explosion 21 months - first two-word sentence 21 months - first multiword sentences
Theories of language learning
- infants are taught through reinforcement of babbling
- social-pragmatic theory: infants wish to respond to emotions of adults
- infants teach themselves: humans are born with language acquisition device thus learning is innate
- hybrid theory: combination of all theories
Importance of play
- learn specific social skills
- learn how to join a play group
- manage conflicts
- take turns
- select and keep friends
Importance of peers
provide practice in emotional regulation, empathy and social understanding
five kinds of social play
- solitary play - playing alone
- onlooker play - watching other children play
- parallel play - playing with similar toys but not together
- associative play - sharing, observing and interacting
- cooperative play - playing together
two types of active play
- rough-and-tumble: mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing or hitting but with no intention to harm.
teaches children:
- how to enter a relationship
- practice social skills
- how to respond to someone else
- how to regulate emotions especially aggression
- strengthens their bodies
- creates self control
- a healthy self concept is created
- drama and pretending: imaginative and sociodramatic play. Children act out various roles, plots and schemes in the stories they create.
teaches children:
- explore and rehearse social roles enacted
- test their ability to explain and to convince others of their ideas
- practice regulating their emotions by pretending to be brave/scared etc.
- develop a self concept in a non-threatening way
Effects of infant daycare
- learn more language
- think with more perspective
- develop better social skills
- opportunity to express emotions
Characteristics of infant daycare
- adequate attention to each infant
- encourage sensorimotor exploration and language development
- attention to health and safety
- well-trained and professional caregivers
- warm and responsive caregivers
