Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HUB1006F > Unit 1 BHS: Cell Biology > Flashcards

Unit 1 BHS: Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Structural organisation of human as an organism (system - organ - tissue - cells)

A

11 systems
many organs
4 primary tissues
cells in ECM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cell Theory

A
  • All living things are composed of one or more cells.
  • Cells = structural & functional unit of all living organisms.
  • Cells = fundamental units of life
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

2 main classes of cells

A
  1. Eukaryotes - contain nucleus (cells of animals, plants, fungi)
  2. Prokaryotes - no nucleus (cells of bacteria)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

3 main components of a cell

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Plasma membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a nucleus and outline the structures associated with it

A

nucleus contains the genetic information of the organism. Play NB roles in heredity, gene expression, and cell division.

ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES:
1. Nuclear membrane - double-layered membrane that surrounds nucleus. Nuclear pores are locations where the two layers fuse, these pores serve to traffic RNAs and proteins in and out of the nucleus (NOT DNA)

  1. Chromatin - DNA bound by histone proteins. There are two types of chromatin. heterochromatin: condensed, inactive DNA; euchromatin: active DNA, relatively extended.

Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.

  1. Nucleolus - consists largely of RNA and protein, function = manufacture ribosomes. Prominent in protein-producing cells.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cytoplasm: components

A
  • material between cell membrane and nuclear membrane
  • includes cytosol and organelles

CYTOSOL: protein fibres called cytoskeletons are arranged in a complex latticework surrounding organelles

ORGANELLES: membrane-bound structures that perform a specific function.
(centrioles, ER, Peroxisomes, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, ribosomes, vacuoles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cytoskeleton: structure, function, three types

A
  • extensive network of long, thin protein filaments and tubules.
  • Fn: maintain the shape of cell, anchoring organelles, moving the cell and controlling internal environment of structures.

THREE TYPES OF CYTOSKELETON

  1. Actin: thinnest filaments. Contractile. Aid motility
  2. Microtubules: thickest filaments. Important for dividing cells.
  3. Intermediate filaments: mechanical strengthening
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Vacuoles: function

A

membrane-bound sacs for:

  1. storage
  2. digestion
  3. waste removal
  4. isolation of harmful material
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Centrioles: structure, location, function

A
  • paired, cylindrical. Located near nucleus.
  • each centriole = 9 bundles of microtubule arranged in a ring
  • 1 bundle = 3 filaments
  • lie at right angles to each other
  • involved in cellular division. Guide the alignment of the chromosomes as they separate during mitosis.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ribosomes: structure, function & two types

A
  • consists of 2 subunits: small vs. large
  • each subunit consists of RNA and protein
  • fn: Translation. (Translation of mRNA into protein)

TWO TYPES OF RIBOSOMES

  1. Mobile type: injects proteins directly into cytoplasm
  2. Stationary type: embedded in rough ER
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): two types, functions, locations, structures

A
  • tubular network fused to nuclear membrane and zigzags through cytoplasm.

TWO TYPES OF ER:
1. Smooth: lacks ribosomes. Furthest from nucleus, involved in storage, transport and lipid synthesis.
!!Prominent in lipid/steroid secreting cells!!

  1. Rough: ribosomes attached. Connect to nuclear membrane and smooth ER. Protein synthesis.
    !!Prominent in cells synthesising protein!!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Golgi complex: structure and function

A
  • stacks of membrane-bound sacs. Consists of a cis face and a trans face. Cis face closer to ER
  • fn: modifies proteins and lipids that have been made in ER. 1) prepares them for export outside the cell or 2) transport to cellular compartments in the cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Lysosomes: function, origin

A
  • contain hydrolytic enzymes
  • fn: digest/destroy invading matter and unwanted cellular material

DERIVED FROM GOLGI.

  • primary lysosome: empty
  • secondary lysosome: engulfed material to destroy

!!Abundant in immune cells (disease fighting) e.g. leukocytes!!

PATHOLOGY: Tay-Sachs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Peroxisome: function, enzymes

A
  • small, spherical
  • fn: lipid metabolism & management of waste products

ENZYMES:

1) oxidases: catabolic (H2O2) - breakdown of toxic substances e.g. phenols and alcohol
2) catalases: regulate H2O2 concentration

!!prominent in liver and kidney!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mitochondria - function, structure, mode of inheritance

A
  • energy production
  • double-layered membrane = inner membrane forms folds called cristae -> site of energy production
  • contain enzyme system to make ATP
  • possesses own RNA and DNA
  • maternal inheritance

PATHOLOGY: Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (blindness)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cytoplasmic structures (other than organelles)

A
  1. Lipid droplets - aggregates of lipid. Fn: energy storage
  2. Glycogen granules - aggregates of glycogen. Fn: energy storage
  3. Lipofuscin - brown pigment in cytoplasm. Fn: waste product
  4. Melanin - brown pigment in cytoplasm. Fn: skin and hair pigmentation, UV protection. Also found in substantia nigra in the brain.
17
Q

Plasma membrane: structure, function, components & structures associated w/ membrane

A
  • separates cell from surroundings
  • control of traffic in and out of the cell
  • consists of:
    1) phospholipid bilayer
    2) cholesterol
    3) protein - integral proteins span through the membrane. peripheral proteins only partially embedded in one face of the membrane
  • associated structures:
    1. Cilia: motile, hair like, move fluid over surface. Found in respiratory system for defence.
  1. Microvilli: fingerlike projections, aid rapid diffusion by increasing surface area of cell membrane. Found in kidney for reabsorption of molecules that are filtered through blood.
  2. Flagella: only in sperm cells, single whip-like structure. Enables swimming by propelling sperm through its environment.
18
Q

Function of proteins in cell membrane

A
  1. Structural support
  2. transport of mol. across membrane
  3. cell adhesion
  4. enzymatic control of chemical reactions
  5. act as receptors for hormones and other regulatory molecules - cell signalling

HUB1006F (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions