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AGRI 116: Plant Propagation and Nursery Management > Unit 1 - Plant Propagation and Seed Dormancy > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Plant Propagation and Seed Dormancy Flashcards

1
Q

It is a type of reproduction which does not involve union of male and female gametes.

A

Asexual Propagation

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2
Q

These are group of plants which are propagated vegetatively through cutting, grafting, or division and
when originated from a single individual.

A

Clones

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3
Q

Is imposed by factors outside the embryo.

A

Exogenous dormancy

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4
Q

It is imposed by rudimentary or undeveloped embryo at the time of ripening or maturity.

A

Endogenous dormancy

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5
Q

The scion of one good variety is grafted to another variety with good stock. Union of tissues occurs
later.

A

Grafting

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6
Q

Formation of adventitious roots or buds occurs before separation of the propagule from the parent plant.

A

Layering

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7
Q

It is the process of plant reproduction of a species or cultivar, and it can be sexual or asexual.

A

Plant propagation

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8
Q

It is the process of breaking, scratching, mechanically altering or softening the seed covering to make it permeable to water and gases with knives, files and sandpapers.

A

Scarification

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9
Q

Seeds will not germinate even when the environmental conditions such as water, temperature
and air are favorable for germination.

A

Seed dormancy

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10
Q

It is a multiplication of plants by seeds.

A

Sexual propagation

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11
Q

It is a method of handling dormant seed in which the imbibed seeds are subjected to a period of chilling to after ripen the embryo in alternate layers of sand or soil for a specific period.

A

Stratification

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12
Q

Give the Importance of Plant Propagation

A
  • reproduction of new plants from seeds and vegetative parts, such as leaves, stems or roots
  • produce new and better breeds of plants faster
  • can reproduce exact duplicates of desirables plants
  • can increase quality of plants
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13
Q

2 Types of Plant Propagation

A
  1. Asexual Propagation
  2. Sexual Propagation
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14
Q

Give 5 advantages of asexual propagation.

A
  1. True to type to their mother plants.
  2. Have short juvenile phase and bear flowers & fruits in the early age
  3. Vegetatively propagated plants are smaller in stature
  4. Serves as a substitute for sexual propagation for plants in which seed setting does not take place (e.g. pineapple and banana)
  5. Desirable traits of a mother plant can be multiplied easily.
  6. Benefits of rootstocks and scion are usually exploited through asexual propagation.
  7. Repairing of damaged portion of plant is possible.
  8. Allows non-productive local variety to be converted into productive, improved variety.
  9. Allows several varieties to grow on one plant or change variety of existing plant by top working.
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15
Q

Give Examples of cloning

A

1.) Root cutting
* ramie
* jackfruit
* breadfruit
2.) Stem cuttings
* cassava
* sweet potato
* bamboo
3.)Leaf cuttings
* begonia
* African violets
* cactus

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16
Q

Give disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A
  1. Plants have shorter life-span.
  2. Restricts diversity.
  3. Chances of disseminating disease e.g. Tristeza virus
  4. Technical skill is required
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17
Q

Give 5 advantages of sexual reproduction

A
  1. Simple and easy.
  2. Only means of diversity particularly in chance seedling selection.
  3. Seedling plants are long lived, productive, have greater tolerance to adverse soil, climatic conditions, & diseases.
  4. Makes propagation of plants like papaya and coconut feasible where asexual propagation is rare.
  5. Hybrids can only be developed by sexual means.
  6. Sexual propagation offers opportunities of polyembryony (citrus, mango or jamun) and apomixis (Malus sikkimensis, Malus hupehensis, Malus sargentii), which produces true-to-type plants.
  7. Produces rootstocks for asexual propagation.
  8. Seeds can be kept for longer periods for future use.
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18
Q

Types of Exogenous Dormancy

A
  1. Physical dormancy (seed coat dormancy)
  2. Mechanical dormancy
  3. Chemical dormancy
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19
Q

Seed coat or seed covering may become hard, fibrous or mucilaginous during dehydration and ripening. As a result they become impermeable to water and gases, which prevents the physiological processes initiating germination.

A

Physical dormancy (seed coat dormancy)

20
Q

In some fruits, seed covering restricts radicle growth, resulting in seed dormancy.

A

Mechanical dormancy

21
Q

In seeds of some fruits, chemicals that accumulate in fruit and seed covering tissues during development remain with the seed after harvest.

A

Chemical dormancy

22
Q

Types of Endogenous Dormancy

A

a.) Morphological dormancy
b.) Physiological dormancy
c.) Double dormancy
d.) Secondary dormancy

23
Q

A type of endogenous dormancy where the embryo is not fully developed at the time of seed dissemination. Such seeds do not germinate, if planted immediately after harvesting.

A

Morphological dormancy

24
Q

It is the type of dormancy that is relieved by periods of moist chilling stratification.

A

Physiological dormancy

25
Q

After ripening, time is required for seeds in dry storage to lose dormancy. This type of dormancy is often transitory and disappears during dry storage.

A

Non-deep physiological dormancy

26
Q

Seeds that either require light or dark condition to germinate.

A

Photo dormancy

27
Q

Photo dormancy occurs due to photo-chemically reactive pigment called _______________ which is widely present in some plants.

A

Phytochrome

28
Q

Some seeds have specific temperature requirement for their germination, otherwise they remain dormant.

A

Thermo dormancy

29
Q

Types of Physiological Dormancy

A
  1. Intermediate PD
  2. Deep PD
  3. Epicotyl PD
30
Q

The seeds of some species require a specific period of one-to-three months of chilling, while in an
imbibed and aerated state a.k.a moist chilling.

A

Intermediate physiological dormancy

31
Q

Seeds, which usually require a relatively long (>8 weeks) period of moist chilling stratification to relieve
dormancy.

A

Deep physiological dormancy

32
Q

Seeds having separate dormancy conditions for the radicle hypocotyl and epicotyl.

A

Epicotyl dormancy

33
Q

In some species, seeds have dormancy due to hard seed coats and dormant embryos.

A

Double dormancy

34
Q

Double dormant seeds require ___________ for breaking of dormancy in nature.

A

2 years

35
Q

______________ is due to conditions which prevent germination of an imbibed seed if other environmental conditions are not favorable such as unfavorably high or low temperature, prolonged darkness, and water stress.

A

Secondary dormancy

36
Q

Two types of secondary dormancy

A
  1. Thermo dormancy
  2. Conditional dormancy
37
Q

Advantages of seed dormancy

A
  1. Permitting germination only when environmental conditions favor seedling survival.
  2. Helpful in creation of a “seed bank”
  3. Can synchronize germination to a particular time of the year.
  4. Seed disposal can be facilitated by specialized dormancy conditions.
38
Q

Methods of Breaking Dormancy

A

a. Scarification
b. Stratification
c. Leaching of chemical inhibitors
d. Pre-drying
e. Seed priming
f. Treatment with chemicals
g. Hormonal treatment

39
Q

Types of Scarification

A

i) Mechanical scarification
ii) Acid scarification
iii) Hot water scarification
iv)Warm moist scarification

40
Q

Types of Stratification

A

i) Outdoor stratification
ii) Refrigerated stratification

41
Q

It is established fact that some inhibitors and phenolic compounds are present in seed coverings of many species, which inhibit germination.

A

Leaching of chemical inhibitors

42
Q

In this treatment, the dry seeds are subjected to a temperature of 37-40oC for 5-7 days prior to sowing. After this, seed can be sown in the field.

A

Pre-drying

43
Q

Refers to the procedures followed to overcome dormancy in freshly harvested fruits.

A

Seed priming

44
Q

Most widely used seed priming procedures

A
  1. Osmo-conditioning
  2. Infusion
  3. Fluid drilling
45
Q

Group of hormones used for breaking physiological dormancy and stimulating germination in seeds of many species.

A

Cytokinin

46
Q

Commercial preparations of cytokinin used for breaking seed dormancy.

A

Kinetin and 6-benzyle aminopurine

47
Q

This also stimulates germination in seeds of some species.

A

Etheral

AGRI 116: Plant Propagation and Nursery Management (3 decks)

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