Unit 1 - Personal Economics Flashcards

1
Q

What will individuals first spend their money on?

A

Ensuring their basic needs are met

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2
Q

After ensuring their basic needs are met, what do individuals then spend their money on?

A

All individuals have different unlimited wants, they will each spend their income based on what best satisfies them. How much they have available to spend will all depend on their income,e, the taxes they pay, the essential bills they must pay and how much they want to save.

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3
Q

What might individuals spend on?

A

-Food + drink, clothing, heating, leisure activities, transport.

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4
Q

What is disposable income?

A

Income left after taxes have been deducted.

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5
Q

What is discretionary income?

A

Income left over after taxes and essential bills have been deducted.

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6
Q

What sources may individuals receive income from? (6)

A

-Wages, a fixed regular payment earned from work or services, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis.

-Salaries, a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a monthly basis but often expressed as an annual sum made by an employer to an employee.

-State benefits, sums of money paids by the government to people in certain circumstances to meet their day to day living expenses.

-Tax credits, child tax credit is available to people responsible for a child, who have an income below a certain amount. Working tax credit is a payment to top up earnings of people working on low incomes.

-Pensions-a tax-free pot of cash you, your employer pays into, as a way of saving up for retirement.

-Investments- an asset or item that is purchased with the hope that it will generate income or appreciate in the future.

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7
Q

Why do individuals save?

A

-for a rainy day, emergency funds
-For a treat
-Financial protection from uncertainty
-Future spending
-Retirement

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8
Q

Where may individuals save? (5)

A

-Cash ISAs
-Instant access savings account
-Regular savings account
-Treasury bonds
-Premium bonds

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9
Q

Why would someone choose to borrow?

A

To buy assets – house or car
To consolidate existing debt. If a person has multiple credit cards and pay-day loans.
To cover unexpected house repairs e.g. a new roof
To cover day-to-day expenses

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10
Q

Where might individuals borrow from? (6)

A

Mortgage,
Credit card
Hire purchase
Bank loan
Overdraft
Payday Loans

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11
Q

What is a mortgage?

A

A loan to help you buy property on the condition that the bank or mortgage company giving you the loan has certain rights, including the right to sell the property if you don’t pay back the loan.

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12
Q

What is an advantage and a disadvantage of a mortgage?

A

An advantage is that you pay the loan back in equal monthly instalments, however,
A disadvantage is that you repay back more than you borrow as interest is added monthly to your instalment amount. Used to buy a property an individual would unlikely be able to buy outright.

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13
Q

What is a credit card?

A

allows you to pay for items on your card straight away and repay the credit card provider e.g. Visa, at a later date.

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14
Q

What is an advantage and a disadvantage of a credit card?

A

An advantage is that you can repay your credit card off by either paying the minimum instalment or more than that. You can take as long as you wish to pay off your credit card as there is no agreed repayment period like a bank loan;
A disadvantage of this is that interest is added each month so you repay more. Credit cards can have APRs (Annual Percentage Rate) at anything from 0% upwards to high rates. It is also easy to overspend on a credit card without realising pushing some people into debt.

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15
Q

What is a hire purchase?

A

A way of paying for goods over time if you don’t have all the money up front.
An initial deposit is usually paid, followed by a series of regular payments to cover the balance and any interest.

However, an individual does not own the asset until the last payment is made and
it is likely to cost more in the long term than buying the item outright in the first place.

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16
Q

What is an advantage and a disadvantage of a hire purchase?

A

An advantage is the initial deposit is usually paid, followed by a series of regular payments to cover the balance and any interest.
However, a disadvantage is that an individual does not own the asset until the last payment is made and it is likely to cost more in the long term than buying the item outright in the first place.

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17
Q

What is a bank loan?

A

either ‘secured’ or ‘unsecured’. a sum of money borrowed by a customer or business from a bank, often for a specific purpose

18
Q

What is an advantage and a disadvantage of a secured bank loan?

A

-Secured loans require you to provide some sort of collateral as security.
- Secured loans are cheaper than unsecured loans.

19
Q

What is an advantage and a disadvantage of a bank loan?

A

-Bank loans usually carry a lower rate of interest compared to credit cards. Once the loan has been arranged the money is received instantly therefore you can now buy the item that you couldn’t afford to buy with cash.
-You will pay back more than you borrowed due to interest being added monthly.
Another disadvantage of a bank loan is that it can be difficult for a bank loan to be approved.

20
Q

What is an overdraft?

A

An overdraft is the amount of money you can still access when you have no money in your account. So if you have a £1,000 overdraft limit you can keep spending up to that limit.

21
Q

What is an advantage and a disadvantage of an overdraft?

A

-Allows an individual to buy something if they need extra cash in an emergency e.g. to pay a locksmith if they lock themselves out of their house.
-You are charged interest on the amount and length of time overdrawn.

22
Q

What is a payday loan?

A

Small value loans with extremely high interest rates. Targeted at individuals who have a poor credit rating as payday loan companies will lend to those people that high street banks will not. Can create a spiral of debt as when a payday loan is not repaid on time, huge interest is added to the amount owed and often individuals will take out a second payday loan to pay off the first.

23
Q

What is a disadvantage of a payday loan?

A

-Can create a spiral of debt as when a payday loan is not repaid on time, huge interest is added to the amount owed and often individuals will take out a second payday loan to pay off the first.

24
Q

What is it important to consider before borrowing? (7)

A

-Do not borrow more than you can repay and make sure you can keep up with repayments .
-Compare rates of interest before borrowing.
-Do not borrow for non-essential items.
-Do not borrow if your job is insecure as you may not be able to make repayment should you lose your job.
-Check if there are penalties for late payment.
-Complete a personal income and expenditure statement/cash budget to calculate affordability.
-The term of loan should not be longer than the life of the asset.

25
Q

Define the term interest rate.

A

the cost/price of borrowing

26
Q

What is budgeting?

A

a forward financial plan of likely income and expenses for a given period. It’s an invaluable tool to help you prioritize your spending and manage your money

27
Q

What does budgeting help individuals to do?

A

It helps individuals determine the spending of their income (after tax is deducted) as well as potential savings and the need for borrowing

28
Q

What does borrowing allow individuals to do?

A

to reduce uncertainty and make sure they can research and make good decisions about the best methods to save and borrow.

29
Q

What can borrowing lead to?

A

quick but expensive choices e.g. payday loans

30
Q

What changes can happen that cause uncertainty to individuals?

A

-A change in prices/the rate of inflation
-A change in taxation
-A change in interest rates
-Redundancy
-Unemployment

31
Q

If prices increase rapidly what will happen and what will this impact?

A

an individual will have to spend a larger proportion of their income on the same items that they had bought previously. They may have to reduce the number of products they buy. They may have to reduce the amount they save. They may have to borrow money to pay for essentials.

32
Q

If income tax rates increase rapidly what will happen and what will this impact?

A

an individual will have less disposable income. They may not be able to buy the same quantity of products as they previously did. They may have to reduce the amount they save or dip into savings to pay for goods and services. This can impact the standard of living and purchasing power of individuals in a negative way.

33
Q

If interest rates increase rapidly what will happen and what will this impact?

A

-individuals on a variable mortgage or those who renew their mortgage will have higher repayments.
-Overall demand in the economy may fall resulting in lower economic growth.
They may have to reduce the amount they save in order to repay the higher interest rates on their mortgage or other borrowing.

34
Q

What will happen to individuals facing redundancy?

A

those facing redundancy may have to reduce the number of products they buy. They may have to reduce the amount they save. They may have to borrow money to pay for essentials.

35
Q

What will happen to individuals facing unemployment?

A

those who are unemployed are unlikely to be able to save and may not be able to afford to buy products to meet all their needs. They are not likely to buy luxuries and may have to borrow to pay for essentials.

36
Q

What is a Cash ISA and what is the benefit of it?

A

an account that pays interest tax free. The benefit is that you earn interest tax-free to a certain point,

37
Q

What is an instant access savings account and what is the benefit of it?

A

a savings account that a customer can make withdrawals from at any time, without any notice and without incurring any type of penalty.

38
Q

What is a regular access savings account and what are the advantages and disadvantages of it?

A

require you to put money away each month. Higher interest rates tend to impose rigid Ts+Cs. The benefit of this account is that because of the penalties imposed if you do not follow the rules good savings habits can be formed.

39
Q

What is a treasury account and what is the benefit of it?

A

a bond issued by a national government, generally with a promise to pay periodic interest payments and to repay the face value on the maturity date. This is a secure, low risk method of saving.

40
Q

What is a premium bond and what is the benefit of it?

A

a government security that offers no interest or capital gain but is entered in regular draws for cash prizes. Often used as savings for children with the extra excitement!

41
Q

Suggest ways in which households can plan for financial uncertainty.

A

Saving more
Spending less
Not borrowing
Avoiding use of credit card
Keeping to a budget