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Unit 1 Parts 3 Flashcards

Theories of Development

1
Q

What are the Main Theories of Development?

A
  • Psychoanalytic
  • Cognitive
  • Behavioral and Social Cognitive
  • Ecological
  • Ethological
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2
Q

This focuses primarily on the unconscious and is heavily colored by emotion

A

Psychoanalytic Theories

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3
Q

What are the theories of development under Psychoanalytic?

A
  1. Psychosexual Stages
  2. Psychosocial Stages
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4
Q

This refers to the pleasurable parts of the body

A

Erogenous Zone

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5
Q

Who is the theorist of Psychosexual Stages?

A

Sigmund Freud

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6
Q

This focuses on the psychological and sexual aspect of the human being

A

Psychosexual Stages

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7
Q

What are the stages under Psychosexual Stages?

A
  • Oral
  • Anal
  • Phallic
  • Latency
  • Genital
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8
Q

What is the erogenous zone during oral stage?

A

Mouth & lip

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9
Q

Age Range of Oral Stage

A

Birth - 1.5 years

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10
Q

We are rooted in this stage

A

Oral Stage

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10
Q

The zone of gratification during anal stage

A

Anal Region

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10
Q

What is our fixation during the Oral Stage?

A

Anything that satisfies the mouth

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10
Q

This is an important activity during the Anal Stage

A

Toilet Training

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10
Q

He was convinced that our problems are the result of our early life experiences

A

Sigmund Freud

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11
Q

During this stage, child’s pleasure focuses on the anus

A

Anal Stage

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12
Q

During this stage, the compulsion of organizing (obsessive compulsiveness) is rooted here

A

Anal Stage

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13
Q

Age Range of Anal Stage

A

1.5 - 3 years

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14
Q

During this stage, the child’s pleasure focuses on the genitals

A

Phallic Stage

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15
Q

During this stage, the child becomes attached to the parent of the other sex, and later identifies with the parent of the same sex

A

Phallic Stage

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16
Q

Zone of gratification during Phallic Stage

A

Genitalia Region

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17
Q

Age Range of Phallic Stage

A

3 to 6 years

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18
Q

During this stage, the sexual drive is repressed

A

Latency Stage

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19
Q

During this stage, the child represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills

A

Latency Stage

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20
Q

During this stage, the child focuses on asexual pursuits, such as school, athletics, and/or same-sex friendships

A

Latency Stage

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21
Q

This stage is a time of sexual reawakening

A

Genital Stage

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22
Q

Age Range for Latency Stage

A

6 years to puberty

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23
Q

The zone of gratification during Genital Stage

A

Genitalia Region

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24
Q

Age Range for Genital Stage

A

Puberty onwards

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25
Q

During this stage, heterosexual relationships are formed

A

Genital Stage

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26
Q

Who developed the Psychosocial Stages of Development?

A

Erik Erikson

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27
Q

The notion that children develop through stages that “build on one another.

A

Epigenetic Principle

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28
Q

According to this theory, we develop through a predetermined unfolding of our personalities

A

Psychosocial Stages

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28
Q

Turning point / opportunity

A

Crisis

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29
Q

First Psychosocial stage

A

Trust vs Mistrust

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30
Q

What are the virtues during the first stage of Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Development?

A

Hope and Optimism

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31
Q

What are the vices during the first stage of Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Development?

A
  • Suspicion
  • Fear
  • Lacks self-confidence
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32
Q

Age Range of Trust vs Mistrust

A

1 year

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33
Q

During this stage, child starts to encounter rules

A

Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt

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34
Q

supportive parents

A

self control

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35
Q

overprotective parents

A

shame & doubt

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36
Q

What are the virtues during the second stage of Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Development?

A

Will

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37
Q

What are the vices during the second stage of Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Development?

A

Fear & Suspicion

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38
Q

Age Range of Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt

A

1 to 3 years

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39
Q

During this stage, children have the freedom to explore the outside world

A

Initiative vs Guilt

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40
Q

Third Psychosocial Stage

A

Initiative vs Guilt

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41
Q

During this stage, children develop sense of purpose and direction; if not, becomes PASSIVE with the world

A

Initiative vs Guilt

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42
Q

What are the virtues during the third stage of Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Development?

A

Purpose

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43
Q

What are the vices during the third stage of Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Development?

A

Carefree

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44
Q

Age Range of Initiative vs Guilt

A

3 - 5 years

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45
Q

World of knowledge & work

A

Industry vs Inferiority

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46
Q

What are the virtues during the fourth stage of Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Development?

A

Mastery

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47
Q

What are the vices during the fourth stage of Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Development?

A

Inadequacy

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48
Q

During this stage, children need to develop their social skills and are thirsty for knowledge

A

Industry vs Inferiority

49
Q

Age Range of Industry vs Inferiority

A

6 years to Puberty

50
Q

During this stage, discover one’s own uniqueness

A

Identity vs Identity Confusion

51
Q

Age Range of Identity vs Identity Confusion

A

10 - 20 years

52
Q

Individual has explored identity options and committed to identity

A

Identity Achievement

53
Q

Individual has explored identity options but has not committed to identity

A

Moratorium

54
Q

Individual has not explored identity options but has committed to identity

A

Foreclosure

55
Q

Individual has not explored identity options and has not committed to identity

no plan in life; stagnant

A

Identity Diffusion

56
Q

What are the virtues during the sixth stage of Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Development?

A

Mutual devotion & Commitment

57
Q

What are the vices during the sixth stage of Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Development?

A

Withdrawal & Fear of Commitments

58
Q

During this stage, people start making friends and creating close heterosexual relationships

A

Intimacy vs Isolation

59
Q

Age Range for Intimacy vs Isolation

60
Q

During this stage, people reassess the choices they have made in their lives

A

Generativity vs Stagnation

61
Q

Reassessment of choices made in one’s life

A

Midlife crisis

62
Q

During this stage, people may choose to mentor the younger generation

A

Generativity vs Stagnation

63
Q

What is the virtue during the fifth stage of Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Development?

64
Q

What are the vices during the seventh stage of Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Development?

A

Insensitivity

65
Q

Sixth Psychosocial Stage

A

Intimacy vs Isolation

65
Q

Fulfillment vs Regret

A

Integrity vs Despair

66
Q

Seventh Psychosocial Stage

A

Generativity vs Stagnation

67
Q

What are the virtues during the seventh stage of Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Development?

67
Q

Eighth and last psychosocial stage

A

Integrity vs Despair

67
Q

Age Range of Integrity vs Despair

A

60s onwards

68
Q

When you had a happy life

A

Fulfillment

68
Q

Age Range of Generativity vs Stagnation

68
Q

What is the virtue during the eighth stage of Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Development?

69
Q

When you have many issues that you were not able to settle

70
Q

What are the three Cognitive Theories and who are their proponents?

A
  1. Cognitive Developmental Theory (Jean Piaget)
  2. Sociocultural Cognitive Theory (Lev Vygotsky)
  3. Information Processing Theory (Rober Siegler)
70
Q

What are the two Psychoanalytic Theories and who are their proponents?

A
  1. Psychosexual Stages (Sigmund Freud)
  2. Psychosocial Stages (Erik Erikson)
70
Q

What is the key feature during Preoperational stage?

A

Egocentrism

70
Q

What are the four stages of development?

A
  1. Sensorimotor
  2. Preoperational
  3. Concrete Operational
  4. Formal Operational
70
Q
  1. Begins to make use of imitation, memory & thought
  2. Begins to recognize that object do not cease to exist when they are hidden
  3. Moves from reflex actions to goal-directed activity
A

Sensorimotor

70
Q

What are the cognitive processes?

A

Organization and Adaptation

70
Q

Age Range of Sensorimotor Stage

A

Birth to 2 yrs

70
Q
  1. Gradually develops use of language & ability to think in symbolic form.
  2. Able to think operations through logically in one direction
  3. Has difficulties seeing another person’s point of view
A

Preoperational

71
Q

This theory is about how we organize our thoughts and adapt when situations get challenging

A

Cognitive Development Theory

71
Q

Age Range of Preoperational

A

2 - 7 years

71
Q

What is the key feature during the sensorimotor stage?

A

Object Permanence

71
Q
  1. Able to solve concrete (hands-on) problems in logical fashion
  2. Understands laws of conservation and is able to classify and seriate.
  3. Understands reversibility
A

Concrete Operational

72
Q

What are the key feature of Concrete Operational?

A

Conservation

73
Q

Age Range of Concrete Operational Stage

A

7 - 11 years

74
Q
  1. Able to solve abstract problems in logical fashion
  2. Becomes more scientific in thinking
  3. Develops concerns about social issues and identity.
A

Formal Operational

75
Q

What are the four concepts of Vygotsky?

A
  • Scaffolding
  • Private speech
  • Co-constructed Process
  • Cultural tools
75
Q

Learning support; asking help from others (e.g. teachers)

A

Scaffolding

75
Q

Who is the proponent of Sociocultural Cognitive Theory?

A

Lev Vygotsky

75
Q

Who is the proponent of Cognitive Development Theory?

A

Jean Piaget

76
Q

This theory states that children acquire their culture’s values, beliefs, and problem-solving strategies through collaborative dialogues with more knowledgeable members in society

A

Sociocultural Cognitive Theory

76
Q

What is the key feature of Formal Operational?

A

Manipulation of ideas

77
Q

Age Range of Formal Operational

A

11 years to adulthood

78
Q

social process; group study

A

Co-constructed process

78
Q

Self-talk

A

Private speech

79
Q

Real tools and symbols; you display a tool when teaching

A

Cultural tools

80
Q

Providing strategic help in the initial stages of learning, gradually diminishing as students gain independence

A

Assisted Learning

81
Q

A range of tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more skilled students

A

Zone of Proximal Development

82
Q

Level of additional responsibility a child can accept with assistance of an able instructor.

A

Upper Limit

83
Q

Level of problem-solving reached on these tasks by the child working alone; can study alone (self-study)

A

Lower Limit

84
Q

Who is the proponent of Information Processing Theory?

A

Robert Siegler

85
Q

According to Siegler, this is like a system that processes information based on a set of logical rules and limitations similar to a computer program

A

Human mind

86
Q

According to this theory, the mind operates as a whole system

A

Information Processing Theory

87
Q

What are the two Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theories and who are their proponents?

A
  1. Operant Conditioning (Burrhus Frederick Skinner)
  2. `Social Cognitive Theory (Albert Bandura)
88
Q

Who is the proponent of Operant Conditioning?

A

Burrhus Frederick Skinner

89
Q

According to this theory, the consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior’s occurence

A

Operant Conditioning

90
Q

This increases the likelihood of behavior

91
Q

This decreases the likelihood of behavior

A

Punishment

92
Q

Who is the proponent of Social Cognitive Theory?

A

Albert Bandura

93
Q

According to this theory, we learn through observing other people

A

Social Cognitive Theory

94
Q

Who is the proponent of Ecological Theory?

A

Urie Bronfenbrenner

95
Q

This is the setting in which the individual lives (family, peers, school, neighborhood)

A

Microsystem

96
Q

This system involves relations between microsystems or connections between contexts

A

Mesosystem

96
Q

In this system, most direct interactions with social agents take place

A

Microsystem

96
Q

This system consists of links between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role and the individual’s immediate conext

97
Q

This consists of the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances

A

Chronosystem

97
Q

What are the two Ethological Theories and who are their proponents?

A
  1. Ethological Theory of Attachment (John Bowlby)
  2. Ethological Theory (Konrad Lorenz)
97
Q

This system involves the culture in which individuals live

A

Macrosystem

98
Q

This theory stressed the importance of human attachment during the first year of life

A

Ethological Theory of Attachment

99
Q

Who is the proponent of Ethological Theory of Attachment?

A

John Bowlby

100
Q

According to this theory, behavior is strongly influenced by biology

A

Ethological Theory

100
Q

According to this theory, behavior is tied to evolution

A

Ethological Theory

101
Q

According to this theory, behavior is characterized by critical or sensitive periods and emphasized in environmental contexts

A

Ethological Theory

101
Q

Who is the proponent of Ethological Theory?

A

Konrad Lorenz

DEV PSY (2 decks)

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