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Advanced Higher Biology > Unit 1 misc > Flashcards

Unit 1 misc Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe how IEPs can be used in electrophoresis

A

Soluble proteins can be separated using an electric field and a pH gradient. A protein stops migrating through the gel at its IEP in the pH gradient because it has no charge

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2
Q

What is the name of the technique used to identify thin sections of dissected tissues, entire organisms, individual cells

A

bright field microscopy

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3
Q

Describe fluorescence microscopy

A

FM uses specific fluorescent labels to bind and visualise certain molecules or structures within cells or tissues

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4
Q

What is the purpose of aseptic technique

A

To eliminate unwanted microbial contaminants when culturing micro-organisms and cells (by heat or chemical means)

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5
Q

How can a microbial culture be started

A

Using an incoculum of microbial cells on an agar medium

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6
Q

What is the purpose of growth factors

A

They promote cell growth and proliferation

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7
Q

how can the density of cells in the culture be estimated

A

by plating out of a liquid microbial culture on solid media allowing the number of colony-forming units to be counted

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8
Q

What is the name of the apparatus that estimate the cell numbers in a liquid sample

A

haemocytometer

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9
Q

What is the role of rRNA, tRNA, RNA etc

A

They control expression of other genes

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10
Q

Describe the structure of ER

A

It forms a network of membrane tubules continuous with the nuclear membrane

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11
Q

Describe the structure of the Golgi apparatus

A

a series of flattened membrane discs

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12
Q

What can the hydrolases of lysosomes digest

A

proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and carbohydrates

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13
Q

Where are lipids synthesised

A

In the SER

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14
Q

What happens to the protein once it has been produced in the RER

A

It is inserted into the membrane of the ER

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15
Q

What happens to proteins that have been inserted into the membrane of the ER

A

They are transported by vesicles that bud off the ER and fuse with the Golgi apparatus

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16
Q

Describe the movement of proteins through the Golgi apparatus

A

Molecules move through the Golgi discs in vesicles that bud off from once disc and fuse to the next one in the stack

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17
Q

What structure do vesicles move along

A

microtubules

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18
Q

Name 2 examples of secreted proteins

A

Peptide hormones and digestive enzymes

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19
Q

What happens once proteins have gone through PTM

A

Proteins are packaged into secretory vesicles

20
Q

What type of secreted protein requires proteolytic cleavage to become activated

A

digestive enzymes

21
Q

What is the cause of secondary structure in proteins

A

hydrogen bonding along the backbone of protein strand

22
Q

When does quaternary structure occur

A

When two or more polypeptide subunits are connected

23
Q

What happens when pH levels are raised/lowers in proteins

A

The normal ionic interactions are lost between charged groups

24
Q

What does the addition of phosphate groups add

A

Adds a negative charge

25
Q

Some ___ proteins are transmembrane

A

Integral membrane proteins

26
Q

What type of protein is a peripheral protein

A

Hydrophilic/polar

27
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

The passive transport of substances across the membrane through specific membrane proteins

28
Q

What are channels

A

Multi-subunit proteins with the subunits arranged to form water-filled pores that extend across the membrane

29
Q

What are voltage gated channels opened by

A

Changes in ion concentration

30
Q

What enzyme hydrolyses ATP

A

ATPase

31
Q

What two things combine to allow electrochemical gradient

A

Concentration gradient

Electrical potential difference

32
Q

What is a use of the sodium potassium pump

A

Accounts for a high proportion of the basal metabolic rate in many organisms

33
Q

Name 3 examples of extracellular signalling molecules

A

Peptide hormones, neurotransmitters and steroid hormones

34
Q

What are transcription factors

A

Proteins that when bound to DNA either stimulate or inhibit the rate of transcription

35
Q

2 examples of hydrophobic signalling molecules

A

oestrogen and testosrerone (both steroid hormones)

36
Q

Where do G-proteins relay signals from activated receptors to

A

Target proteins such as enzymes and ion channels

37
Q

What allows more than one intracellular pathway to be activated

A

Phosphorylation cascades

38
Q

Upon binding of insulin what happens to the t.m receptor

A

changes in conformation and triggers phosphorylation oof it

39
Q

What is an action wave

A

A wave electrical excitation along the plasma membrane of a neuron

40
Q

What is depolarisation

A

The change in the membrane potential to a less negative value

41
Q

Describe how an electrical wave is passed through the neuron

A

Depolarisation of the plasma membrane causes neighbouring regions of membrane to go through the same cycle

42
Q

Why do Na/K pumps restore the membrane potential after the action potential has been passed through membrane

A

To allow voltage gated sodium channels can return to a conformation where they can open in response to depolarisation of the membrane

43
Q

What is the retina

A

The area of the eye that detects light

44
Q

What is the effect of cyclic GMP concentration decrease

A

closes the membrane ion channels in the membrane of rod cells which triggers nerve impulses in neurons the retina

45
Q

What variation is found in cone cells

A

Different forms of retinal combine with opsin which have different maximal sensitivity to specific wavelengths

46
Q

Where do spindle microtubules originate from

A

centrosome (MTOC)

47
Q

What gene can mutate to form a tumour promoting gene

A

proto-oncogene

Advanced Higher Biology (10 decks)

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