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Advanced Higher Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is evolution

A

The change over time in the proportion of individuals in a population differing in one or more inherited traits

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2
Q

The non-random changes in allele frequencies is a result of

A

Natural selection

Sexual selection

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3
Q

The random changes in allele frequencies is a result of

A

Genetic drift

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4
Q

What causes variation in traits

A

Mutations which are the source of new DNA sequences

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5
Q

Are mutations beneficial or harmful to an individual

A

Most are harmful/neutral but some can be beneficial

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6
Q

Describe the process of natural selection

A

Populations produce more offspring than the environment can support
Individuals with variations that are better suited to their environment survive longer and produce more offspring. These favourable alleles are passed on to their offspring through breeding. Therefore, there is an increase in the frequency of advantageous alleles and a decrease in the deleterious alleles.

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7
Q

What is sexual selection

A

The selection of alleles that increase the individual’s chances of mating and producing offspring

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8
Q

What is sexual dimorphism

A

The differences in form between males and females in the same species

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9
Q

What is male-male rivalry with regards to sexual selection

A

When males are large in size or have weaponry that increases access to females through conflict

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10
Q

What is female choice with regards to sexual selection

A

Females assessing the fitness of males

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11
Q

What is genetic drift

A

Chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next

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12
Q

Does genetic drift have a larger impact on smaller populations or larger populations and why

A

Smaller populations since alleles are more likely to be lost from the gene pool

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13
Q

When does a population bottleneck occur

A

When a population size is reduced for at least one generation

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14
Q

Describe how founder effects occur

A

The isolation of a few members of a population.

Therefore, the gene pool of the new population is not representative of the original gene pool

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15
Q

Explain how and why a gene pool is altered by genetic drift

A

Certain alleles may be under/over-represented and therefore allele frequencies change

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16
Q

What happens to the rate of evolution when selection pressures are strong

A

Rate of evolution is rapid

17
Q

What are selection pressures

A

The environmental factors that influence which individuals in a population pass on their alleles

18
Q

Name 4 biotic factors

A

Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Disease

19
Q

Name 5 abiotic factors

A 
Changes in:
Temperature
Light
Humidity
pH 
Salinity
20
Q

What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle state

A

In the absence of evolutionary influences, allele and genotype frequencies will remain constant over the generations

21
Q

Name the 5 conditions for maintaining the HW principle

A 
No natural selection
Random mating
No mutation
Large population size
No gene flow (through migration or emigration)
22
Q

The formula for calculating allele and genotype frequencies in populations is

A

p2+2pq+q2=1

p=frequency of dominant allele
q=frequency of recessive allele
p2=frequency of homozygous dominant genotype
2pq= frequency of heterozygous genotype
q2= frequency of homozygous recessive genotype

23
Q

What is fitness

A

A measure of the tendency of some organisms to produce more surviving offspring than competing members of the same species

24
Q

What is the formula for absolute fitness

A

Frequency of a particular genotype after selection/frequency of a particular genotype before selection

25
Q

What is the formula for relative fitness

A

Number of surviving offspring per individual of a particular genotype/Number of surviving offspring per individual of the most successful genotype

26
Q

What is co-evolution

A

The process by which two or more species evolve in response to selection pressures imposed by each-other

27
Q

What does a change in the traits of one species do to the other species during co-evolution

A

The change in traits acts as a selection pressure on the other species

28
Q

What is symbiosis

A

co-evolved intimate relationships between members of two different species

29
Q

What is mutualism

A

When both organisms in the interaction are interdependent on each other for resources or other services (+/+)

30
Q

What is commensalism

A

When only one of the organism benefits (+/0)

31
Q

What is the Red Queen Hypothesis

A

In a co-evolutionary relationship, change in the traits of one species can act as a selection pressure on the other species. Therefore, species in these relationships nee to adapt to avoid extinction.

32
Q

What is parasitism

A

When a parasite gains nutrients and energy at the cost of the host

Advanced Higher Biology (10 decks)

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