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BIO 1202 > UNIT 1: Macromolecules > Flashcards

UNIT 1: Macromolecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Macromolecules

A
  • Often polymers
  • Long molecules built by linking together small similar sub units
  • All polymers (macromolecules) are built by dehydration synthesis
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2
Q

Polymers

A

Substance consisting of very large molecules
- Bonds within polymers are strong covalent bonds so needs a high temperature to break

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3
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • Simple sugars called monosaccharides
  • Shortest chain are 3 Carbons
  • Can be distinguished by placement of carbonyl group and # of Carbons
  • Fast source of energy
  • Broken down into glucose
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4
Q

Monosaccharides

A
  • Simple sugars (fructose, glucose & galactose)
  • Contains 3-7 Carbons
  • Combine through glycosidic bonds to form larger carbohydrates
  • Produce and store energy
  • Often form rings
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5
Q

Disaccharides

A
  • Carbohydrate polymer composed of two monosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
  • Joined by glycosidic bonds
  • Act as an energy source
  • Our body breaks them down into monosaccharides for digestion
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6
Q

Polysaccharide

A
  • molecules made up of monosaccharide sub units
  • Polymers which contains hundreds of sugar molecules bonded together (starch, cellulose, glycogen)
  • Store energy in organisms
  • Beta glycosidic bonds
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7
Q

Lipids

A
  • Include fatty acids, fats & Oils, sterols and phospholipids
  • Two building blocks, fatty acid and glycerol
  • Great source for long term energy
  • Make up lipid bi-layer
  • Help move and store energy
  • Synthesized in smooth ER
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8
Q

Glycerol

A
  • Triol compound
  • Backbone is found in lipids known as glycerides
  • Main function is energy storage
  • Lipid esters of the glycerol molecule and fatty acids
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9
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A
  • in animals
  • All internal Carbon bonded to at least two H atoms
  • Single covalent bonds
  • High melting point
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10
Q

Proteins

A
  • Long chains of amino acids
  • Act as enzymes, build muscle and work in immune system
  • Performs many cellular functions
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11
Q

Enzymes

A

Made of proteins that act as a catalyst

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12
Q

Cytokines

A
  • Category of a small protein
  • peptides that cannot cross the lipid bi-layer into the cytoplasm
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13
Q

Anti-bodies

A
  • Y shaped blood protein that counteracts a specific antigen
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14
Q

Amino Acid

A
  • Molecules that combine to form proteins
  • When proteins are broken down, amino acids are left
  • Break down food, grow and repair body tissue
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15
Q

Peptide bond

A

Link two amino acids to form short or long chains

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16
Q

Polypeptide

A
  • Composed of amino acids linked by covalent bonds called peptide bonds
  • Short chain (amino acid) or long chain (protein)
  • When polypeptides are linked together they are called sub units
  • When they get tertiary structure they become functional proteins
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17
Q

Glycine

A

Amino acid that has a single H atom as its side chain

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18
Q

Denaturation

A
  • Process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose their secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure
  • Is reversible meaning primary structure must be alive (not destroyed)
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19
Q

Nucleic Acid

A
  • Composed of nucleotides
  • Made up of a pentose sugar, nitrogenous base and a phosphate group
  • Nitrogenous bases have weak hydrogen bonds
  • Purines and pyrimidines
  • DNA encodes info used to assemble proteins
  • RNA reads DNA encoded info to direct protein synthesis
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20
Q

Bipolymers

A

Natural polymers produced by the living cells of organisms

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21
Q

Nucleotides

A

Form the basic structural unit of nucleic acid; such as DNA

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22
Q

Ribose sugar

A

Simple, single ring pentose sugar

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23
Q

Organelle

A

An organelle is a sub-unit within a cell that has a specialized function

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24
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water molecules from solution with high [ ] of water to one with low [ ] of water through cells partially permeable membrane

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25
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A
  • at least one double bond between Carbon atoms
  • A double bond forms a kink in the structure
  • Low melting point
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26
Q

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

A
  • More than one double bond between Carbons
  • Usually in plants
  • liquid at room temperature
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27
Q

Fats and oils

A
  • Built by dehydration synthesis
  • Consists of glycerol molecule with three attached fatty acids (triglyceride/triglycerol)
28
Q

Monomers

A

Building blocks for many molecules

29
Q

What is an aldehyde?

A

Carbonyl group located at the top of a chain
(example: glucose)

30
Q

What is an ketone?

A

Carbonyl group located in the middle of a chain (example: fructose)

31
Q

Pyrimidines

A
  • Consists of cytosine, thymine and uracil
  • One nitrogenous ring
  • Forms Hydrogen bonds
  • Smaller than purines
32
Q

Purines

A
  • Consists of adenine and guanine
  • Two nitrogenous rings
  • Forms Hydrogen bonds
  • Larger in size
33
Q

DNA

A
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid composed of nucleotides to form nucleic acids
  • Contains deoxyribose sugar
  • Double stranded and forms a helix
  • Has H attatched to its second Hydrogen
34
Q

RNA

A
  • Ribonucleic acid composed of nucleic acids to form nucleotide
  • Contains ribose sugar
  • Single stranded and does not form helix
  • Less stable than DNA
  • Acts as an enzyme
  • First hereditary material
  • Store genetic info as DNA
  • Transcribes parts into mRNA which then directs protein synthesis
  • Suggests genes came before enzymes
35
Q

Nucleic acids

A
  • Polymerize by adding to the 3’ hydroxyl group (Phosphodiester bonds form)
  • Raw polymerizing units are nucleotide triphosphate
  • Strands run from 5’ to 3’
  • 5’ Carbon has its own phosphate group
  • Strands are anti-parallel and are complimentary to each other
36
Q

Phosphodiester bonds

A

Formed between pentose sugars by strong covalent bonds (linked between nucleotides)

37
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails
  • Contains saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (depending on kinks)
  • Glycerol (polar)
  • Phosphate groups (non-polar)
  • Amphipatic
  • Self assemble
38
Q

Primary structure

A
  • Linear sequence of amino acids
  • Bonded by peptide bonds
39
Q

Secondary structure

A
  • Alpha helical structure
  • Beta pleated sheet structure
  • Stabilized by Hydrogen bonds
40
Q

Tertiary structure

A
  • 3D shape of a single polypeptide molecule
  • Uses a variety of different bonds including;
    Hydrogen bonds
    Hydrophobic interactions
    Ionic bonds
    Covalent bonds (disulfide bridges) between cysteine amino acids
41
Q

Quaternary structure

A
  • Assembly of several polypeptides
  • Uses same bond types tertiary structure uses
42
Q

Chaperones

A

Special proteins that help new proteins fold correctly

43
Q

Common functional groups

A
  • Hydroxyl group
  • Amino group
  • Carbonyl group
  • Carboxyl group
  • Phosphorous group
  • sulfihydryl group
    All hydrophilic
44
Q

Amino basic structure

A
45
Q

What is the ratio?

A

1:2:1

46
Q

Beta gylycosidic bonds

A
  • OH is above the plane
  • includes plants, chitin, cellulose and insects
47
Q

Alpha glycosidic bonds

A
  • OH on Carbon 1’ is below glucose ring
  • Includes polysaccharides; starch, glycogen, cellulose
48
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of an element that posses a different number of neutrons

49
Q

Radioactive isotopes

A
  • Spontaneously decay into elements of lower atomic numbers
  • Emits energy and or subatomic particles
50
Q

Electronegativity

A
  • Electrons are drawn towards nucleus
  • Atom is more electronegative when there are more protons in the nucleus
  • Farther out electrons are, the weaker they feel the positive charge
  • Oxygen is most electronegative in bio
51
Q

What is a compound?

A

Composed of two or more different types of atoms in a particular ratio

52
Q

Protenoids

A

Chains of amino acids that form without mRNA information (abiotically, no genes)

53
Q

Protopoints

A
  • Don’t reproduce precisely
  • Show some characteristics of life
  • Maintain homeostasis
  • May show properties like metabolism and excitability
54
Q

Cell theory

A
  • Cells are the smallest unit with properties of life
  • All organisms are composed of one or more cells
  • Cells are created from the growth and division of pre-existing cells
55
Q

Origins of life

A
  • Prokaryotes were the first cells, then branched into archae and bacteria (3.5-2 BYA)
  • 2.5 BYA oxygen started appearing from photosynthesis
  • 2.7 BYA oxygen started accumulating in atmosphere
  • Hot sand, clay and rocks have been shown to facilitate polymerization
56
Q

Seven characteristics of life

A
  • A displayed order
  • Harness and utilize energy
  • Reproduce
  • Responds to stimuli
  • Exhibit homeostasis
  • Ability to evolve
  • Growth and development
57
Q

Abiotic synthesis

A

Describes the synthesis of organic compounds from inorganic precursors

58
Q

Sterols

A
  • Type of lipid
  • Steroid nucleus: 4 fused rings (almost planar)
  • Various non-polar alkyl side chains
  • All eukaryotic cells contain different sterols
  • Maintains constant membrane fluididity
  • Hormones are cholesterol derivitaves
59
Q

Amino group

A
  • Different amino acids include;
    non-polar amino acids
    uncharged amino acids
    charged amino acids
  • NH2
60
Q

Carbonyl group

A
  • Aldehydes which has C double bond O connected to a Hydrogen atom
  • Ketones which has C double bond O connected to other Carbon atoms
61
Q

Carboxyl group

A
  • Organic acid
  • COOH or C double bond O, single bond OH
62
Q

Hydroxyl group

A
  • Alcohol group
  • OH
63
Q

Phosphate group

A
  • Nucleic acids, nucleotides etc
  • PO3 2-
64
Q

Sulfihydryl group

A
  • Many cell molecules
  • SH
65
Q

Amphiatic properties

A

When a molecule has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties

66
Q

Hydrocarbons

A
  • Consists of Carbons and Hydrogens
  • non-polar covalent bonds form
  • Modifies properties in functional groups
  • Not very soluble in water
  • Loosely held (low electronegativity)

BIO 1202 (6 decks)

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