Unit 1: Logic and Fallacies Flashcards
logic
study of methods and principles of reasoning
argument
a reasoned thoughtful process
premise
a set of facts or assumptions used ro support a conclusion
fallacy
a deceptve argument, a conclusion not well supported by its premises
Appeal to Popularity
Many people believe p is true, therefore p must be true
False Cause
if a is before b, a causes b
Appeal to Ignorance
there is no proof a is true–> a is false
hasty generalization
a and b are linked a few times, therefore a causes b
limited choice
a is false- only b can be true
appeal to emotion
a is associated with a positive emotional response–> a is true
appeal to force is the opposite
personal attack
i have a problem with person claiming a– a is not true
circular reasoning
a is true- a is restated in different words
diversion (red herring)
a is related to b, and i have an argumen concerning b–> a is true
straw man
argument conering distorterd version of A–> fooled into concluding this was an argument conerning real version of A
False Analogy
A is similar to B–> argument for b also applies to a
slippery slope
a causes be and b causes c and c causes d and d causes e–> a causes e
how to evaluate media info?
consider reliability of the source, check the date of the source, see if info can be accurately validated by other sources, look for hidden agendas, and look at the big picture to see if the media info makes sense and passes the tests
what are the steps to evaluating arguments?
1- make sense of argument and identify hidden assumptions
2-identify real issue of arguments
3- understand all options
4- watch for fine print and missing information
5- see if oter conclusions are possible
6- watch for fakery
7- don’t miss the big picture
confirmation bias
person searches for evidence that onlu supports preexisting beliefs
there may be more than one answer
look for patterns and all possible values that could fit in equation to get the answer
Use appropriate tools
look for what the problem is really asking for and read it carefully
there may be more than one way
multiple approaches to solving the same problem
consider similar, smaller problems
use a simpler problem to help break down a larger problem
absolute change
the actual increase or decreate from a reference value to a new value
absolute change = new val-reference val
relative change
size of the absolute change in comparison to the reference value, and can be expressed as a % (also known as percentage change)
rel change = (new val-ref val)/ reference val
absolute difference
the actual difference between a compared and reference value
abs diff= compared val- ref val
percentage points
reflect an absolute change of one percent to another
solving for the initial value
initial value = (final value)/(100+P%)