Unit 1: Logic and Fallacies

Question 1

logic

Answer 1

study of methods and principles of reasoning

Question 2

argument

Answer 2

a reasoned thoughtful process

Question 3

premise

Answer 3

a set of facts or assumptions used ro support a conclusion

Question 4

fallacy

Answer 4

a deceptve argument, a conclusion not well supported by its premises

Question 5

Appeal to Popularity

Answer 5

Many people believe p is true, therefore p must be true

Question 6

False Cause

Answer 6

if a is before b, a causes b

Question 7

Appeal to Ignorance

Answer 7

there is no proof a is true–> a is false

Question 8

hasty generalization

Answer 8

a and b are linked a few times, therefore a causes b

Question 9

limited choice

Answer 9

a is false- only b can be true

Question 10

appeal to emotion

Answer 10

a is associated with a positive emotional response–> a is true

appeal to force is the opposite

Question 11

personal attack

Answer 11

i have a problem with person claiming a– a is not true

Question 12

circular reasoning

Answer 12

a is true- a is restated in different words

Question 13

diversion (red herring)

Answer 13

a is related to b, and i have an argumen concerning b–> a is true

Question 14

straw man

Answer 14

argument conering distorterd version of A–> fooled into concluding this was an argument conerning real version of A

Question 15

False Analogy

Answer 15

A is similar to B–> argument for b also applies to a

Question 16

slippery slope

Answer 16

a causes be and b causes c and c causes d and d causes e–> a causes e

Question 17

how to evaluate media info?

Answer 17

consider reliability of the source, check the date of the source, see if info can be accurately validated by other sources, look for hidden agendas, and look at the big picture to see if the media info makes sense and passes the tests

Question 18

what are the steps to evaluating arguments?

Answer 18

1- make sense of argument and identify hidden assumptions
2-identify real issue of arguments
3- understand all options
4- watch for fine print and missing information
5- see if oter conclusions are possible
6- watch for fakery
7- don’t miss the big picture

Question 19

confirmation bias

Answer 19

person searches for evidence that onlu supports preexisting beliefs

Question 20

there may be more than one answer

Answer 20

look for patterns and all possible values that could fit in equation to get the answer

Question 21

Use appropriate tools

Answer 21

look for what the problem is really asking for and read it carefully

Question 22

there may be more than one way

Answer 22

multiple approaches to solving the same problem

Question 23

consider similar, smaller problems

Answer 23

use a simpler problem to help break down a larger problem

Question 24

absolute change

Answer 24

the actual increase or decreate from a reference value to a new value
absolute change = new val-reference val

Question 25

relative change

Answer 25

size of the absolute change in comparison to the reference value, and can be expressed as a % (also known as percentage change) rel change = (new val-ref val)/ reference val

Question 26

absolute difference

Answer 26

the actual difference between a compared and reference value abs diff= compared val- ref val

Question 27

percentage points

Answer 27

reflect an absolute change of one percent to another

Question 28

solving for the initial value

Answer 28

initial value = (final value)/(100+P%)