Unit 1: Logic and Fallacies Flashcards

1
Q

logic

A

study of methods and principles of reasoning

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2
Q

argument

A

a reasoned thoughtful process

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3
Q

premise

A

a set of facts or assumptions used ro support a conclusion

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4
Q

fallacy

A

a deceptve argument, a conclusion not well supported by its premises

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5
Q

Appeal to Popularity

A

Many people believe p is true, therefore p must be true

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6
Q

False Cause

A

if a is before b, a causes b

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7
Q

Appeal to Ignorance

A

there is no proof a is true–> a is false

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8
Q

hasty generalization

A

a and b are linked a few times, therefore a causes b

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9
Q

limited choice

A

a is false- only b can be true

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10
Q

appeal to emotion

A

a is associated with a positive emotional response–> a is true

appeal to force is the opposite

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11
Q

personal attack

A

i have a problem with person claiming a– a is not true

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12
Q

circular reasoning

A

a is true- a is restated in different words

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13
Q

diversion (red herring)

A

a is related to b, and i have an argumen concerning b–> a is true

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14
Q

straw man

A

argument conering distorterd version of A–> fooled into concluding this was an argument conerning real version of A

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15
Q

False Analogy

A

A is similar to B–> argument for b also applies to a

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16
Q

slippery slope

A

a causes be and b causes c and c causes d and d causes e–> a causes e

17
Q

how to evaluate media info?

A

consider reliability of the source, check the date of the source, see if info can be accurately validated by other sources, look for hidden agendas, and look at the big picture to see if the media info makes sense and passes the tests

18
Q

what are the steps to evaluating arguments?

A

1- make sense of argument and identify hidden assumptions
2-identify real issue of arguments
3- understand all options
4- watch for fine print and missing information
5- see if oter conclusions are possible
6- watch for fakery
7- don’t miss the big picture

19
Q

confirmation bias

A

person searches for evidence that onlu supports preexisting beliefs

20
Q

there may be more than one answer

A

look for patterns and all possible values that could fit in equation to get the answer

21
Q

Use appropriate tools

A

look for what the problem is really asking for and read it carefully

22
Q

there may be more than one way

A

multiple approaches to solving the same problem

23
Q

consider similar, smaller problems

A

use a simpler problem to help break down a larger problem

24
Q

absolute change

A

the actual increase or decreate from a reference value to a new value
absolute change = new val-reference val

25
Q

relative change

A

size of the absolute change in comparison to the reference value, and can be expressed as a % (also known as percentage change)
rel change = (new val-ref val)/ reference val

26
Q

absolute difference

A

the actual difference between a compared and reference value
abs diff= compared val- ref val

27
Q

percentage points

A

reflect an absolute change of one percent to another

28
Q

solving for the initial value

A

initial value = (final value)/(100+P%)