UNIT 1 LIVER FUNCTION Flashcards
dilute serum with NSS and
compare with 0.01% Potassium Dichromate (K2Cr2O7) (Naturally Yellow)
Meulengracht Method
Proposed to use serum in detecting bilirubin in blood instead of urine.
○ However, _________ there are still erroneous results
Van den Bergh (1930)
Discovered that the Van den Bergh test only measures direct bilirubin. Therefore, they added an ACCELERATOR
evelyn-malloy
adding an Accelerator means we’re
measuring the
TOTAL BILIRUBIN
reagents in evelyn malloy
DSA
50% methanol
sodium acetate
ascorbic acid
Buffer the pH
sodium acetate
■ Terminates the reaction.
■ Destroys excess DSA
Ascorbic acid
Similar to Evelyn-Malloy however uses caffeine sodium benzoate as an accelerator
jendrassik-grof
Insensitive to sample pH changes
Insensitive to a 50-fold variation in protein concentration
Adequate optical sensitivity even for low bilirubin
concentration
Minimal turbidity and with constant serum blank
Not affected by hemoglobin up to 750 mg/dL
advantages of jendrassik grof
Specimens for bilirubin
fasting
non-hemolyzed
non-lipemic
conjugated bilirubin normal range
0-0.2 mg/dl
obstructive jaundice = INCREASED B2
unconjugated bilirubin normal range
0.2-0.8 mg/dl
Hemolytic jaundice = INCREASED B1
Both
conjugated and
unconjugated
0.2 – 1.0 mg/dL
hepatocellular jaundice = liver problem
Discovered bilirubin in Urine.
ehrlich
reagents in ehrlich’s method
p-dimethyl aminobenzaldehyde (PDAB)
ascorbic acid
NaCH3COO
reducing agent to maintain urobilinogen
in reduced state
ascorbic acid
stops the reaction and minimizes the
combination of other chromogens
■ Terminator sa EVELYN MALLOY
NaCH3COO
○ porphobilinogen,
○ sulfonamides
○ Procaine
○ 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
Sources of errors
Specimen for ehrlich
2 hour-fresh urine
Urine Urobilinogen must be processed immediately.
○ To Prevent oxidation of Urobilinogen to Urobilin.
TRUE
Reference range of ehrlichs
0.1-1.0 Ehrlich units/2 hour or 0.5-4.0 Ehrlich units/day
(0.868 mmol/day)
○ 1 Ehrlich’s unit = 1 mg of urobilinogen
______ is extracted without a tourniquet due to
hemoconcentration.
Ammonia
Increased UBG
PINK/RED
HEMOLYTIC
Decreased UBG
NO PINK/RED
obstructive
Aqueous extract of fresh feces + Fe(OH)2 + Ehrlich’s
reagent → red colored compound
FECAL UROBILINOGEN = EHRLICH’S ALDEHYDE / WATSON’S REACTION
To reduce urobilin back to urobilinogen
Fe (OH) 2
Reference values for fecal urobilinogen
75-275 Ehrlich’s unit/100 g or 75-400 Ehrlich units/24 hours
Type of Bilirubin that is possible to find in the urine
B2
TEST FOR BILE SALTS
HAY TEST
Degrade fats
bile salts
Sprinkle sulfur powder to 5 mL of urine
hay test
Sulfur powder floats at the top:
BILE SALTS ABSENT: TOP
Sulfur powder sinks to the bottom:
bile salts present = (obstructive jaundice)
Measure the products of liver
TOTAL PROTEIN
ALBUMIN
A- GLOBULIN
PROTHROMBIN TIME
extrinsic test for synthetic function
prothrombin time (PT)
intrinsic test for synthetic function
Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
twst for excretory function
- excretion of foreign dyes
- bromsulphaelin test
- rose bengal test
2 mg/kg BW
5’ , 30’
50%-5
0-100%
rosenthal
5 mg/kg BW
45’
+/- 5%
mc donald - bromsulphaelin test
Uses tagged 𝐼 131
Radioactivity of the dye
Used in Nuclear Medicine
Liver is being scanned.
○ Comparing Normal Liver and Liver that has
radioactivity from the dye.
rose bengal test
OLD methods
● Shaking then determining if there is formation of Foam
urine bilirubin
Foam Test: yellow foam (+)
Urine Color Inspection: brown to amber (+)
urine + BaCl2 → filter
○ If there is filter, therefore there is precipitation
precipitate + FeCl3 in TCA → green colored precipitate
(+)
fouchet’s test or harrison spot test
BaCl2
○ Tablet test/Ictotest
○ Strip test
○ Uses DSA.
diazotization test
test for detoxification function test
Patient is given a sodium benzoate meal
○ Based on the chemical modification detoxification.
quick’s test or hippuric acid test
is added to a food to increase its
life (Increase Preservation).
sodium benzoate
should be excreted in the form of
Hippuric Acid.
benzoate
Normal Person: 40% of the Benzoate must be
excreted in _____
60 minutes
biological molecules that act as catalysts,
facilitating and accelerating chemical reactions within living organisms. These proteins play a crucial role in various physiological processes by lowering the activation energy required for a specific reaction to occur.
ENZYMES
is an enzyme found in various tissues
throughout the body, with particularly high concentrations in the
liver, bones and bile duct. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of
phosphate groups from various substrates under alkaline
conditions.
alkaline phosphatase
is an enzyme found in various
tissues, with high concentrations in the liver and bile ducts. GGT
catalyzes the transfer of gamma-glutamyl groups from
molecules such as glutathione to amino acids and peptides.
gamma-glutamyl trasnferase
