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ENDOCRINOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

secretes substances into the bloodstream

A

endocrine

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2
Q

secretes substances onto a surface usually through a duct

A

exocrine

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3
Q

composed of ductless glands
that produce hormones which are directly secreted into
the bloodstream for use throughout the body
Network of ductless glands that secrete hormones
directly into the blood

A

endocrine system

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4
Q

Metabolism
Homeostasis
Growth & Development
Response to stress

A

endocrine

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5
Q

secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate bodily
functions, maintaining homeostasis and control processes such as metabolism, growth,
reproduction, and stress response.

A

endocrine glands

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6
Q

anterior pituitary gland, is the true gland

A

adenohypophysis

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7
Q

posterior pituitary gland, only stores and release the hormones secreted by the hypothalamus

A

neurohypophysis = ADH and oxytocin

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8
Q

Nervous System + Endocrine System

A

neuroendocrine system

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9
Q

made up of the nervous system and the endocrine system work together to keep the body to function regularly.

It focuses on the hypothalamic control to the secretion of pituitary hormones, but the broad concept includes
multiple reciprocal interaction between the nervous system and the endocrine systems to maintain homeostasis and to respond properly to environmental stimuli through the regulated secretion
of hormones, neurotransmitters, or neuromodulators.

A

neuroendocrine system

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10
Q

release their neurotransmitters and neuromodulators at
synapses

A

neurons

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11
Q

Both cells secrete substances directly into the
bloodstream to act as hormones

A

neurosecretory cells
1. hypophyseal cells
2. hypophysiotropic cells

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12
Q

These are chemical substances that send a message to another cell in the body. This
message can either regulate or control the activity of other body tissues.

A

hormones

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13
Q

lipids derived from cholesterol; usually bound to
proteins

A

steroid

SCATE PAD

steroid
cortisol
aldosterone
testosterone
estrigen
progesterone
adctivated vitamin D

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14
Q

Also known as amino acid derivatives

A

biogenic amines

AMEN

epinephrine - inhibit
norepinphrine - stimulate
T3 triiodothyronine
T4 tetraiododothyronine

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15
Q

precursor of catecholamines

A

tyrosine

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16
Q

Hydroxylation of Phe alone will not produce
catecholamines, whereas hydroxylation of Ty
alone will generate catecholamines

A

HYDROXYLATION = WILL GENERATE

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17
Q

derived from diet or from
hydroxylation of Phe

A

tyrosine

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18
Q

part of the
sympathoadrenal axis.

A

adrenal medulla

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19
Q

initial and rate-limiting step in catecholamine
synthesis is the conversion of tyrosine to

A

3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase

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20
Q

synthesized by rough ER
hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormone
All peptide hormones are hydrophilic and unable
to cross the plasma membrane alone= cannot
diffuse through the plasma membrane of cells (it
has to be attached to a protein to pass thru)

A

peptides and proteins

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21
Q

AA derivatives with carbohydrate groups

A

glycoproteins

leah trashes fishers

luteinizing hormone
TSH
FSH

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22
Q

Fatty acids with 20 carbon atom fatty acid (arachidonic
fatty acid), involved in cellular activity

A

eicosanoids
let the pros

leukotrines
eicosanoids
thromboxane
prostaglandin

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23
Q

Act or acts directly on themselves
Targets of the substance is also itself.

A

autocrine

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24
Q

Act adjacent to the cells of origin
Targets neighboring cells

A

paracrine

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25
Q

Secreted in one location and released into blood circulation

A

endocrine

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26
Q

Function of the hypothalamus
Secreted in the hypothalamus and known

A

releasing hormones
hypophyseal hormones

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27
Q

Promote secretion of the anterior pituitary hormones

A

releasing hormones

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28
Q

____ secreted by Hypothalamus, It will then go to the ________.
○ _________ will then release Growth
Hormone.

A

GHRH - anterior pituitary gland

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29
Q

Secreted in the hypothalamus and gastrointestinal tract
Suppress the secretion of a particular hormone

A

inhibitory hormones

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30
Q

Somatostatin inhibits ____

A

insulin

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31
Q

Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH)
○ Inhibits ______
Also known as ______

A

prolactin
dopamine

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32
Q

Stimulate growth and activity of other endocrine glands

A

TROPIC

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33
Q

secreted by endocrine glands but with non endocrine cells
as targets

A

TROPHIC OR EFFECTOR

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34
Q

______targets Gonads which is an endocrine gland.

A

LH TROPIC

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35
Q

_____ targets Thyroid which is an endocrine gland

A

TSH TROPIC

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36
Q

____ as a lactogenic hormone to the
mammary gland

A

PROLACTIN TROPHIC

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37
Q

small region in the brain that plays a crucial role in maintaining
homeostasis by regulating various bodily functions through its control over the
endocrine system and autonomic nervous system.

A

hypothalamus

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38
Q

Aids in the release of a child during live birth

A

oxytocin

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39
Q

Release of Growth Hormone

secreted by Hypothalamus and sent into the
Anterior Pituitary Gland.

A

growth horomone releasing hormone

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40
Q

Two Hormones produced by Hypothalamus that are stored in the Posterior
Pituitary Gland: ADH AND OXYTOCIN

A

osmotic regulation

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41
Q

Release of LH and FSH - will then proceed to the target Gonads

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone = LH and FSH

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42
Q

Release of ACTH
ACTH will then proceed to the Adrenal Gland to release Cortisol.

A

corticotropin- releasing hormone = ACTH to ADRENAL to cortisol

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43
Q

Release of TSH and Prolactin

A

thyrotropin-releasing hormones

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44
Q

Inhibits insulin, GH, and release of TSH
Counter effect with TRH

A

somatostatin

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45
Q

Inhibits prolactin

A

prolactin inhibiting hormone or dopamine

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46
Q

This is a medical condition characterized by inadequate production of growth
hormone by the pituitary gland, leading to impaired growth and development in
children and metabolic abnormalities in adults. Symptoms include
short stature,
delayed puberty,
decreased muscle mass,

A

GH DEFICIENCY

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47
Q

Most common cause of GH deficiency

A

GHRH gene mutation

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48
Q

The body is not responding to GH
b. Minor cause of GH deficiency

A

GH insensitivity

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49
Q

Minor cause of GH deficiency

A

pituitary lesion

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50
Q

Most common disproportionate dwarfism
Hereditary
Up to 4 ft.

A

achondroplasia

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51
Q

hyposecretion of GH during childhood years

A

DWARFISM

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52
Q

Short stature but the limbs are in proportion

A

proportionate dwarfism

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53
Q

Up to 3 ft.
Deformities happen prenatally
Not because of hyposecretion
of GH

A

spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita

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54
Q

Tallest dwarfism
63 inches or 5 ft.

A

hypoachondroplasia

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55
Q

Most disabling dwarfism
There are deformities at the
hands and feet and skull
Most prominent feature is the
hitch’s hiker thumb

A

diastrophic dysplasia

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56
Q

This condition results from overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary
gland, often due to a tumor. This leads to abnormal growth of bones and tissues,
resulting in

excessive height,
enlarged hands, and feet,
facial changes, and
potential complications such as cardiovascular and metabolic disorders

A

GH EXCESS

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57
Q

Most common cause of GH EXCESS

A

pituitary tumor

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58
Q

Minor cause of GH EXCESS

A

AIP GENE MUTATION
aryl hydrocarbon interacting protein

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59
Q

Most common organ that increases in size is the thyroid
(thyromegaly)

A

organomegaly

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60
Q
  1. Sleep apnea is common
  2. Overt diabetes
A

GH EXCESS

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61
Q

hypersecretion of GH during childhood

A

GIGANTISM - childhood

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62
Q

hypersecretion of GH during adulthood
The bone is complete and not getting longer, but there is still excess GH which
causes deformities

A

acromegaly - adulthood

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63
Q

coarse facial features
○ soft tissue thickening (lips)
○ spade like hands (remember this for acromegaly)
○ protruding jaw (prognathism)
i. Usually affects the lower jaw, but can affect upper jaw.
○Sweating
impaired glucose tolerance or DM

A

ACROMEGALY

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64
Q

pituitary tumor that directly secretes prolactin, and it represents the most common type of pituitary tumor.

A

PROLACTINOMA

65
Q

inappropriate production of milk
○ Can happen in pregnant women, children and adults
○ Prolactin induces the ductile activity of the ducts of the breasts

A

galactorrhea

66
Q

is a trophic hormone because it directly acts on the breast or mammary glands.

67
Q

due to hypersecretion of prolactin
symptoms: irregular menstruation, menopausal symptoms, milk discharges, difficulty
in getting erection, breast tenderness and enlargement

A

galactorrhea

68
Q

absence of menstrual cycle in females

due to hypersecretion of prolactin

Since there is high prolactin, it will inhibit gonadotropin hormone. No eggs
would mature because of this.

A

amenorrhea

69
Q

inability to attain penile erection in males
due to hypersecretion of PRL

70
Q

caused by a benign tumor of the pituitary
gland that leads to excessive secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH),
which in turn stimulates the adrenal glands to produce too much cortisol

A

CUSHING DISEASE

71
Q

the problem is primary; the problem directly comes from
the pituitary gland

A

CUSHING DISEASE

72
Q

If the problem is secondary, the problem is not in the pituitary gland. The problem
can come from the hypothalamus, which causes an increase in CRH. This is

A

cushing syndrome

73
Q

Releases aldosterone

A

zona glomerulosa

74
Q

It acts on this part of the cortex to produce cortisol, a glucocorticoid

A

zona fasciculata

75
Q

Releases sex hormones

A

zona reticularis

76
Q

hypersecretion of ACTH
leads to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia and cortisol overproduction
Obesity!!!

Moon-faced
○Humpback
○ Central Obesity, the extremities are not affected

A

CUSHING DISEASE

77
Q

Postpartum hypopituitarism caused by ischemic necrosis of the pituitary gland

usually the result of severe hypotension or shock caused by massive hemorrhage during or after delivery.

Patients with SS have varying degrees of anterior pituitary hormone deficiency.

frequency is decreasing worldwide and it is a rare cause of hypopituitarism in developed countries owing to advances in obstetric care.

still frequent in underdeveloped and developing countries.
SS often evolves slowly and hence is diagnosed late.

A

SHEEHAN’S SYNDROME

78
Q

history of postpartum hemorrhage, failure to lactate, and cessation of menses are important clues to the diagnosis.

○ Prolactin is not released because the pituitary gland is damaged

early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are important to reduce morbidity and mortality of the patients.

A

sheehan’s syndrome

79
Q

lack of FSH and LH in both male and female
○ No ovulation
○ no spermatogenesis because no production of testosterone
inability to conceive after 1 year of unprotected intercourse

A

INFERTILITY

80
Q

Inhibits urination
maintains water homeostasis

81
Q

Principal regulator of ADH secretion is increased plasma osmolality usually

A

> 295 mOsm/kg

82
Q

When the osmolality is lower, _______ ADH secretion is suppressed.

A

<284 mOsm/kg

83
Q

Deficient AVP (secretion/transport)
■ Hypothalamic or Neurogenic DI
Resistant to the action of AVP
■ Nephrogenic DI (problem is in
the kidneys)
Excessive water intake

A

diabetes insipidus

84
Q

the setpoint for ADH secretion is normal; however, a resetting of the thirst threshold occurs so that it is now below the
threshold for ADH secretion.
○ Physiological dysfunction in thirst regulation
○ You are always thirsty even though the body is not dehydrated

A

dispogenic DI

86
Q

the osmostat for ADH secretion is normal.
○ Psychiatric disorder
○ You keep drinking water, which leads to imbalance in your electrolytes

A

psychogenic polydipsia

87
Q

Due to the enzymatic breakdown
of the endogenous AVP by a placental cysteine aminopeptidase
(PCAP) (seen in pregnant women)

A

gestational DI

88
Q

Excessive water intake

A

primary polydipsia

89
Q

Problem in the kidney wherein it is
resistant to the action of AVP

A

nephrogenic

90
Q

Deficient AVP secretion

A

hypothalamic/neurogenic

91
Q

“Controlled Defiance”

A

negative feedback loop

92
Q

“Controlled Amplification”

A

positive feedback loop

94
Q

Example of Negative Feedback

This is a feedback loop that regulates thyroid hormone production through
interactions between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and thyroid gland

It turns off when enough

Most common feedback loop

A

hypothalamis pituitary thyroid axis

95
Q

Example of Positive Feedback is childbirth

This is the natural process by which a pregnant mammal gives birth, involving the contractions of the uterus to expel the fetus and placenta. It marks the culmination of pregnancy and initiates the beginning of postnatal care for the newborn.
It keeps going until the task is done

A

parturition

97
Q

Feedback from hormones produced in the pituitary target
glands on the hypothalamus
To the bloodstream; to the body

98
Q

Feedback of hormones at the level of the PG
To target organ

99
Q

Feedback between the pituitary and hypothalamus

A

ultrashort FM

100
Q

Where instructions are sent (secrete)

A

anterior pituitary gland =adenohypophysis

101
Q

It is a cause of MRI disturbance

A

intermediate lobe or pars intermedialis

102
Q

anterior is Composed of three cell types:

A

large
polyhedral
supported by delicate,reticulate fiber

103
Q

Major cells present
■ Do not secrete

A

chromophobe (50%)

104
Q

Both acidophilic (40%) and basophilic (10%) cells are

A

secretory cells

105
Q

Produced by anterior pituitary gland
■ Precursor of ACTH, and melanocyte-stimulating hormone

A

propiomelanocortin

106
Q

Hormones that makes us happy / feel good

A

endorphins

111
Q

(other name for
GH)

A

somatotropin

112
Q

structurally related to prolactin and human
placental lactogen. A single peptide with two
intramolecular disulfide bridges. GH is classified
as a _____ hormone.

A

GH - TROPHIC

113
Q

It stimulates ______
which is specific for growth. Antagonist of
insulin

114
Q

inhibits the GH

A

somatostatin

116
Q

considered an amphibolic hormone
because it directly influences both anabolic and
catabolic processes. It has many diverse effects
on carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism.

117
Q

INCREASE EFFECT ON GH

A

sleep
exercise
fasting

118
Q

DECREASE EFFECT ON GH

A

somatomedin c
hyperglycemia

119
Q

Also known as IGF-1
○ Feedback hormone for GH
○Increase levels will be detected by the hypothalamus
and it will inhibit the secretion of GHRH

A

somatomedin c

120
Q

INHIBIT GH SECRETION

A

glucose loading
epinephrine
alpha blockers
emotional/psychigenic stress
nutritional deficiencies
insulin and thyroxine defieciency

121
Q

stimulate GH secretion

A

sleep
physiological stress
amino acids
HYPOGLYCEMIA
sex steroids
NOREPINEPHRINE
BETA BLOCKERS (propanolol)

122
Q
  1. Anterior pituitary
  2. Ovarian Follicle
    (female)
  3. Seminiferous
    tubules (male)
123
Q

This is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that plays a crucial role in reproductive health by stimulating the
growth and development of ovarian follicles in females and sperm production in males

Integral to ovulate so corpus luteum can form

It also increases at the end to prepare the uterus for ovum impregnation

124
Q

It is a marker for premature menopause if it is elevated .

125
Q

pivotal in both male and female reproductive systems, where it stimulates testosterone production in the testes of
males and triggers ovulation and progesterone secretion in females

126
Q
  1. Anterior pituitary
  2. Ovarian Follicle
    (female)
  3. Leydig Cells
    (male)
127
Q

produced by the anterior pituitary gland. Its primary function is to stimulate the adrenal glands to release
cortisol, in response to stress and low blood glucose levels

128
Q

prevent ACTH from sticking to the tube because it sticks to glass tubes, causing false
decrease.

A

SERUM OR PLASTIC

129
Q

ACTH IS INCREASED

A

in the morning and stressed

130
Q
  1. Anterior pituitary
  2. Zona
    Fasciculata
  3. Zona Reticularis
A

ACTH = ADENOCORTICOTROPHIN

131
Q
  1. Anterior pituitary
  2. Follicular cells
  3. T3 and T4
132
Q

This is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that regulates the thyroid gland’s production of hormones, crucial for
metabolism and various physiological functions.

Most clinically sensitive for thyroid diseases

133
Q

↑ the size of Thyroid Follicular cells to promote

134
Q
  1. Anterior pituitary
  2. Mammary gland
  3. Milk production
A

PROLACTIN - TROPHIC

135
Q

This is a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates milk production in the mammary glands of mammals.
Its levels typically rise during pregnancy and breastfeeding, promoting lactation

136
Q

Major circulating prolactin is a ______ monomer

A

non-glycosylated

137
Q

Major inhibiting hormone of prolactin

A

PIH OR DOPAMINE

138
Q

feedback hormone of FSH

139
Q

feedback hormone of LH

A

estrogen and testosterone

140
Q

feedback hornone of ACTH

141
Q

feedback hormone of TSH

142
Q

feedback hormone of prolactin

A

unknown (itself)

143
Q

target gland of FSH AND LH

A

GONADS - TROPIC

144
Q

target organ of ACTH

A

adrenal cortex

145
Q

target organ of TSH

147
Q

target organ of prolactin

148
Q

contraction of uterus —
“Ferguson Reflex” (baby goes
out or parturation)

A

oxytocin or pitocin

149
Q

maintains osmotic homeostasis by regulating
water balance

A

vasopressin or arginine vasopressin or pitressin

150
Q

for ejection of milk primed with
estrogen
plays a role in hemostasis at the
placental site following
delivery/birthing

151
Q

synthetic form of
oxytocin, given to ↑ uterine
contractions during parturation
Secreted by paraventricular
nuclei of the hypothalamus.

152
Q

releases mostly
oxytocin and some ADH,
and the supraoptic nucleus
releases mostly ADH and
some oxytocin

A

paraventricular nucleus

153
Q

potent stimuli to ADH release

A

emetic dehydration

154
Q

inhibitors of ADH release:

A

ethanol
cortisol

155
Q

polyuria and polydipsia, but no
polyphagia

156
Q

Also known as ADH; Secreted by

A

AVP; SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS

157
Q

↓Blood volume = ↓ Dehydrated : Heart will
pump faster to release pressure (ADH) for
water retention.

CC LEC 2 (8 decks)

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