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Health and social care > Unit 1 Learning Aim A > Flashcards

Unit 1 Learning Aim A Flashcards

1
Q

Define growth

A

An increase in some measured quantity, such as height or weight

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2
Q

Define Development

A

Complex changes including an increase in skills, abilities and capabilities

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3
Q

Define gross motor skills

A

Large movements that involve using the large muscles of the body which are required for mobility e.g. rolling over

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4
Q

Define fine motor skills

A

Involve small movements that require precise direction (dexterity) and use smaller muscles e.g picking up a pencil

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5
Q

Define milestone

A

An ability achieved by most children at a certain age.

It can involve physical, social, emotional, cognitive and communication skills. e.g walking, sharing, expressing emotions, recognising familiar sounds and talking.

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6
Q

What are the principles of growth

A
  • As height increases so does weight
  • its continuous but the rate is not smooth
  • There are different growth rates among two people of
    the same age
  • There are different growth rates in boys and girls
  • Growth varies across the body
  • It considers weight and height
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7
Q

What are the principles of development

A
  • happens from head to toe
  • happens from the inside to the outside
  • happens in the same sequence but at different rates
  • happens holistically
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8
Q

What are centile lines (percentiles) and what are they used for?

A

They ar eline on a graph and are used to show the average measurements of height, weight and head circumference. They represent values of the measurements taking into account age and sex

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9
Q

What are the age ranges for:

a) birth and infancy
b) early childhood
c) adolescence
d) early adulthood
e) middle adulthood
f) later adulthood

A

a) 0-2
b) 3-8
c) 9-18
d) 19-45
e) 46-65
f) 65+

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10
Q

What are the key physical development features in birth and infancy?

A
  • grow rapidly and reach approximately half their adult height by the age of 2
  • at around 1 years old they can walk
  • at around 2 years old they can run
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11
Q

What are the key physical development features in early childhood?

A
  • continue to grow at a steady pace

continue to develop strength and coordination

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12
Q

What are the key physical development features in adolescence?

A
  • experience growth spurts

- develop sexual characteristics during puberty

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13
Q

What are the key physical development features in early adulthood?

A
  • reach the peak of physical fitness
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14
Q

What are the key physical development features in middle adulthood?

A
  • begins with some loss of strength and stamina

- women go through menopause

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15
Q

What are the key physical development features in later adulthood?

A
  • continues with gradual loss of mobility

- loss of height up to a few centimeters

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16
Q

when will a baby’s head circumference be measured and what does it check?

A

At birth and between 6- 8 weeks.

It checks the size and growth of the brain

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17
Q

When do gross and fine motor skill start to develop

A

As soon as the baby is born

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18
Q

What gross and fine motor skills are developed at:

a) newborn
b) 1 month
c) 3 months

A

a) G- reflexes such as grasp. F- hold thumb tucked into
hands.
b) G- lifts chin, some control of head. F- opens hand to
grasp a finger.
c) G- can lift head and chest when lying on front.
F- briefly grasps a rattle.

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19
Q

What gross and fine motor skills are developed at:

a) 6 months
b) 9-10 months
c) 12-13 months

A

a) G- rolls over, can sit up for a short time with no support,
kick legs when held up. F - move objects from hand to
hand, pick up dropped toys.
b) G- crawls, begins to cruise. F- uses finger and thumb
to hold small object.
c) G - stands alone, walks without help. F- manipulates
and places toys.

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20
Q

What gross and fine motor skills are developed at:

a) 18 months
b) 2 years
c) 2 and a half years

A

a) G - climbs onto furniture. F - builds short tower with
blocks.
b)G- moves a sit on toy with feet, throws large ball.
F- Draws large circles, turns page.
c) G- jumps from low step, kicks ball. F- Uses spoon and
fork, builds tower of 7-8 blocks.

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21
Q

What gross motor skills are developed in early childhood?

A 
3- ride a tricycle, run, balance on 1 foot
4 - kick and throw large ball
5-  hop
6-7 - skip and ride bike
8- take part in sports
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22
Q

What fine motor skills are developed in early childhood?

A

3 - use a pencil, copy letters, build towers
5- dress and undress on their own including tying shoe laces
8- control small muscles , draw detailed picture

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23
Q

define adolescence

A

an important status change following the onset of puberty during which a young person develops from a child into an adult

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24
Q

what develops during adolescence

A

primary and secondary characteristics

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25
Q

what are primary sexual characteristics

A

changes and development of reproductive organs

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26
Q

What are secondary sexual characteristics

A

outward signs of development from a child to an adult

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27
Q

Give examples of primary sexual characteristics in

a) females
b) males

A

a) uterus enlarges, vagina lengthens, ovaries begin to release eggs, menstrual cycle commences.
b) enlargement of penis and testes, spontaneous erections, testicles produce sperm, beginning of ejaculation.

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28
Q

Give examples of secondary sexual characteristics in

a) females
b) males

A

a) breasts develop, areola swells and darkens, hair grows in armpit and pubic area, redistribution of body fat causing hips to widen
b) changes in larynx causing voice to deepen, hair grows in armpits and pubic area, facial hair, redistribution of muscle tissue and fat.

29
Q

What are the main female and male hormones and what are they responsible for?

A

Female - oestrogen and progesterone - responsible for ovulation and menstruation

Male - testosterone - responsible for sperm production and the development of secondary characteristics

30
Q

When does puberty begin in males and females?

A

Males - 13 - 15 years old

Females - 11 - 13 years old

31
Q

What are 3 key milestones in early adulthood?

A

physical strength peaks
pregnancy and lactation
perimenopause

32
Q

what are some symptoms in perimenopause?

A
  • hot flushes and night sweats
  • breast tenderness
  • loss of libido ( lower sex drive)
  • fatigue
  • irregular or very heavy periods
  • vaginal dryness, discomfort during sex
  • mood swings
  • trouble sleeping
  • urine leakage when coughing or sneezing
  • urgent need to urinate more frequently
33
Q

What is menopause and when does it happen?

A

the ending of female fertility. It happens between 45 and 55 years of age.

34
Q

what does the menopause involve?

A
  • gradual ending of menstruation and a large reduction of fertile eggs in ovaries.
  • increase in the production of hormones called gonadotropins which causes irritability, hot flushes and night sweats.
  • reduction in the sex hormones produced by hormones
35
Q

what does intellectual and cognitive development refer to?

A

how individuals organise their ideas and make sense of the world in which they live.

36
Q

How does intellectual development happen in infancy and early childhood?

A

rapidly

37
Q

what intellectual development happens in adolescence and early adulthood?

A

development of logical thought, problem solving, memory recall skills.

38
Q

What intellectual development happens in middle adulthood?

A

can think through problems and make sound judgements using life experiences

39
Q

What intellectual development happens in later adulthood?

A

changes in brain cause short term memory decline and slower thought processes and reaction times.

40
Q

What are the stages of language development from 3 months to 5 years?

A 
3 months - babbling noises 
12 months - imitate sounds 
2 years - 2 word sentences 
3 years - simple sentences
4 years- clear sentences 
5 years - full adult grammar
41
Q

Give examples of how language development can be promoted in infants.

A
  • blow bubbles
  • play with puppets
  • watch and listen to other children
  • join in with action rhymes and songs
  • look at picture books
42
Q

Give examples of how language development can be promoted in young children.

A
  • take part in circle time
  • take part in group activities
  • imaginary play in ‘home corner’
  • share stories and rhymes
  • play word games and riddles
43
Q

Give examples of how language development can be promoted in adolescence.

A
  • read a wide range of books and journals
  • take part in group projects
  • discuss ideas
  • plan and deliver presentations
44
Q

What did Piaget’s model focus on

A

how children acquire the ability to think.

45
Q

what are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

A

sensorimotor (0- 2yrs)
Preoperational(2 - 7)
Concrete operational (7-11)
Formal operational (11-18)

46
Q

What are schemas?

A

a category of knowledge as well as the process of acquiring knowledge

47
Q

What are the stages of developing a schema?

A

Equilibrium , disequilibrium, accommodation, equilibrium.

48
Q

What is conservation and what age do children understand it?

A

Conservation is the idea that somethings appearance may change but the quantity will stay the same. By the age of 7 they understand this.

49
Q

What is egocentrism best described as?

A

A child’s inability to see a situation from another persons point of view.

50
Q

What does Chomsky’s model of language acquisition suggest?

A

That the ability to develop a signed or spoken language is genetically programmed into individuals as children are born with a language acquisition device (LAD).

51
Q

What are the key feature of emotional development in infancy?

A

attachment

52
Q

What are the key features of emotionally development in early childhood?

A

Understanding self and others

53
Q

What are the key features of emotional development in adolescence?

A

identity

54
Q

What are the key features of emotional development in early and middle adulthood?

A

intimacy

55
Q

What are the key features of emotional development in later adulthood?

A

making sense of your life

56
Q

define self concept

A

An awareness formed in early childhood of being an individual, a unique person and different from everyone else.

57
Q

What does john Bowlby say attachment is?

A

A deep and enduring emotional bond that connects a child to their primary caregiver. He says that infants are pre programmed to form attachments with their main caregiver.

58
Q

define deprivation

A

being deprived of a caregiver to whom an attachment already exists.

59
Q

define privation

A

being deprived of the opportunity to form an attachment

60
Q

define separation anxiety

A

The fear and apprehension that infants experience when separated from their primary caregiver.

61
Q

What 6 factors may affect attachment?

A
  • prematurity
  • postnatal depression(PND)
  • separation
  • foster care/adoption
  • emotional unavailability
  • disability
62
Q

What can low self esteem in children cause?

A

can cause the child to become passive , withdrawn, depressed and self critical
Difficulty dealing with problems

63
Q

What are the stages of play and at what age do they occur?

A 
solo play - (0-1 yrs)
solo play - (12 - 18 months)
parallel play - (18 months - 2yrs)
associative play - ( 3 - 4 yrs)
cooperative play - (4-6 yrs)
cooperative play -( 6-8 yrs)
64
Q

what social development occurs in infancy?

A

interacting with carers

65
Q

what social development occurs in childhood?

A

first social learning

66
Q

what social development occurs in adolescence?

A

secondary social learning`

67
Q

what social development occurs in adulthood?

A

maturity

68
Q

what social development occurs in older adulthood?

A

more free time to develop friendships

others increase involvement with close friends and family

Health and social care (3 decks)

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