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Health and Social care > Unit 1, LA A > Flashcards

Unit 1, LA A Flashcards

1
Q

Define growth

A

Growth is an increase in some measured quantity, such as height or weight.

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2
Q

Define development

A

Development is complex changes including an increase in skills, abilities and capabilities.

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3
Q

What is the age range of infancy ?

A

0-2 years

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4
Q

What is the age range of early childhood ?

A

3-8 years

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5
Q

What life stage is 9-18 years ?

A

Adolescence

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6
Q

What is the age range of early adulthood ?

A

19-45

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7
Q

What life stage is 46-65 years ?

A

Middle adulthood

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8
Q

What is the age range for later adulthood?

A

65+

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9
Q

What are the principles of growth ?

A
  • As height increases, so does weight.
  • Growth rate isn’t smooth.
  • Growth rates vary between children.
  • There are differences in the rates of boys and girls.
  • Rates vary across the body.
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10
Q

What are the principles of development ?

A

development happens:

  • From head to toe.
  • From inside to outside.
  • In the same sequence, at different rates.
  • Holistically.
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11
Q

When do infants grown rapidly ?

A

During the first 6 months of their lives.

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12
Q

When should a baby be double and triple their birth weight ?

A

by 4-5 months and 1 year.

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13
Q

By 2 years old what height should an infant be ?

A

half their adult height.

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14
Q

How is growth recorded ?

A
  • Measurements are carried out and plotted on a growth chart, the charts are different for boys and girls.
  • The growth rate is compared to centile lines so that ill health can be identified.
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15
Q

What are centile lines ?

A

lines on a graph used to show the average measurements of height, weight and head circumference.

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16
Q

As development progresses, what do children reach ?

A

A number of key milestones or developmental norms.

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17
Q

What is a milestone ?

A

an ability achieved by most children by a certain age.

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18
Q

What is a development norm ?

A

A description of an average set of expectations with respect to a young child’s development ?

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19
Q

What are the key features of growth and physical development at birth and infancy ?

A

-Grow rapidly to approx half adult height by 2.
-By 1 yr they walk.
By 2 yrs they run.

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20
Q

What are the key features of growth and physical development in early childhood ?

A
  • Grow at a steady pace.

- Development of strength and coordination continues.

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21
Q

What are the key features of growth and physical development in adolescence ?

A
  • Growth spurts.

- Develop sexual characteristics during puberty.

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22
Q

What are the key features of growth and physical development in early adulthood ?

A

-Young adults reach the peak of their physical fitness.

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23
Q

What are the key features of growth and physical development in middle adulthood ?

A
  • Aging process begins.
  • Loss of strength and stamina.
  • Menopause.
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24
Q

What are the key features of growth and physical development in later adulthood ?

A
  • Aging process continues.
  • Loss of mobility.
  • Loss of height.
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25
Q

What are gross motor skills ?

A

large movements that involve using large muscles of the body that are required for mobility.

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26
Q

What are fine motor skills ?

A

small movements that involve more precises direction and use small muscles.

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27
Q

What are some examples of gross motor skills ?

A
  • Crawling
  • skipping
  • Walking
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28
Q

What are some examples of fine motor skills ?

A
  • Following objects with eyes
  • Building blocks
  • Drinking with little spillage.
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29
Q

\When do gross and fine motor skills begin to develop ?

A

As soon as a baby is born.

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30
Q

What gross and fine motor skills are developed at:
A) newborn
B) 1 mnth
C) 3 mnths

A

A) G- reflexes such as grasp. F- hold thumbs tucked into hands.
B) G- Lifts chin, some control of head. F- opens hang to
grasp finger.
C) G- Can lift head and chest. F- Briefly grasp rattle.

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31
Q

What gross and fine motor skills are developed at:
A) 6 mnths
B) 9-10 mnths
C) 12-13 mnths

A

A) G- Roll, sit up, kick legs when held up. F- pass objects from hands, pick up dropped toys.
B) G- Crawls, cruise. F- Use finger and thumb to hold objects.
C) Stand and walk. F- Manipulates and places toys.

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32
Q

What gross and fine motor skills are developed at:
A) 18 mnths
B) 2 yrs
C) 2 1/2 yrs

A

A) G- climbs onto furniture. F- Build short tower with blocks.
B) G- Throws large ball. Moves a sit on toy. F- Draws lines, circles, turns page.
C) G- Jumps from low step, kick ball. F- use spoon and fork, build tall tower with blocks.

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33
Q

What Gross motor skills are developed in early childhood?

A 
3- ride tricycle, run, balance on 1 foot.
4- kick and throw large ball.
5- hop
6-7- skip, ride bike.
8- take part in sports.
34
Q

What fine motor motor skills are developed in early childhood?

A

3- use pencil, copy letters, build towers.
5- dress and undress.
8- draw detailed picture.

35
Q

Define Adolescence

A

an important status change following the onset of puberty during which a young person develops from a child to an adult.

36
Q

What develops during adolescence?

A

Primary and secondary sexual characteristics.

37
Q

What are primary sexual characteristics?

A

Relate top the changes and development of reproductive organs.

38
Q

What are secondary sexual characteristics?

A

outwards signs of development from a child to an adult.

39
Q

What are the primary sexual characteristics in:
A) females
B) males

A

A) Uterus enlarges and vagina lengthens, ovaries release eggs, menstrual cycle begins.

B) enlargement of penis and testes, spontaneous erections, testicles produce spermatozoa.

40
Q

What are the secondary sexual characteristics in:
A) females
B) males

A

A) Breasts develop and areola swells and darkens, hair grows in pubic area and armpits, hips widen.

B voice deepens, hair grows in armpits, pubic area and face, redistribution of muscle and fat.

41
Q

What are the main female hormones and what are they responsible for?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone. Responsible for ovulation and menstruation.

42
Q

what are the main male hormones and what are they responsible for?

A

Testosterone. Responsible for sperm production and development of secondary sexual characteristics.

43
Q

When does puberty begin ?

A

In males 13-15, in females 11-13.

44
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

controls the release of sex hormones.

45
Q

What are the 3 key milestones in early adulthood ?

A

Physical strength peaks.
Pregnancy and lactation.
Perimenopause.

46
Q

What are some of the symptoms experienced in perimenopause?

A
  • hot flushes and night sweats.
  • lower sex drive(libido)
  • fatigue
  • irregular of heavy periods.
  • vaginal dryness,discomfort during sex.
  • mood swings.
  • trouble sleeping.
  • urine leakage when coughing/sneezing.
  • urinary urgency
47
Q

What is the menopause and when does it happen?

A

menopause is the ending of female fertility. It happens between 45-55 yrs.

48
Q

What does the menopause involve?

A
  • Gradual ending of menstruation and a large reduction of fertile eggs.
  • increase in the production of hormones called gonadotropins, causing irritability, hot flushes and night sweats.
  • reduction in the sex hormones produce by ovaries.
49
Q

What does intellectual and cognitive development refer to?

A

how individuals organise their ideas and make sense of the world which they live in.

50
Q

How does intellectual development happen in infancy and early childhood ?

A

rapidly.

51
Q

What interlectual development happens in adolescence and early adulthood?

A

Development of logical thought.
problem solving.
memory recall skills.

52
Q

What intallectual development happens in middle adulthood?

A

They can think through problems and make sound judgments using life experiences.

53
Q

What interllectual development happens in later adulthood?

A

Changes in the brain causing short term memory decline.

slower thought processes and reaction times.

54
Q

What are the stages of language development from 3 months to 5 yrs?

A 
3 mnths- babbling.
12 mnths- imitate sounds.
2 yrs- two-word sentences.
3 yrs- simple sentences.
4 yrs- clear sentences.
5 yrs- full adult grammer.
55
Q

Give example of how language development can be promoted in infants.

A
  • blow bubbles
  • play with puppets
  • watch and listen to other children
  • join in with actions.
  • rhymes and songs
  • picture books
56
Q

Give examples of how language development can be promoted in young children

A
  • circle time
  • group activities
  • imaginary playing
  • share toys and rhymes
  • play word games and riddles
57
Q

Give example of how language development can be promoted in adolescence.

A
  • read books and journals
  • group projects
  • discuss ideas
  • plan and deliver presentations.
58
Q

What does Piaget’s model focus on?

A

How children acquire the ability to think.

59
Q

What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development.

A
  • sensorimotor (0-2 yrs)
  • preoperational (2-7 yrs)
  • concrete operational (7-11)
  • formal operational (11-18)
60
Q

What are schemas?

A

A category of knowledge as well as the the process of acquiring knowledge.

61
Q

What are the stages of developing a schema?

A

Equilibrium
Disequilibrium
Accommodation
Equilibrium

62
Q

What is conservation and what age do children understand it?

A

The idea that somethings appearance may change but the quantity will stay the same. It can be understood by the age of 7.

63
Q

What is egocentrism best described as?

A

A child’s inability to see a situation from another person’s point of view.

64
Q

What does chomsky’s model of language acquisition suggest?

A

that the ability to develop a signed or spoken language is genetically programmed into individuals as children are born with a language acquisition device.

65
Q

What are the key feature of emotional development in infancy?

A

Attachment

66
Q

What are the key features of emotional development in early childhood?

A

Understanding themselves and others.

67
Q

What are the key features of emotional development in adolescence?

A

Identity

68
Q

What are the key features of emotional development in early and middle adulthood?

A

Intimacy

69
Q

What are the key features of emotional development in later adulthood?

A

Making sense of your life.

70
Q

Define self- concept

A

An awareness formed in early childhood of being an individual, a unique person and different from everyone else.

71
Q

What does john Bowlby refer to attachment as?

A

a deep and enduring emotional bond that connects a child to their primary caregiver. He says that infants are preprogrammed to form attachments with a main caregiver.

72
Q

Define deprivation.

A

being deprived of a caregiver to whom attachment already exists.

73
Q

Define privation.

A

being deprived of the opportunity to form an attachment

74
Q

Define separation anxiety.

A

the fear and apprehension that infants experience when separated from their primary caregiver.

75
Q

What 6 factors may affect attachment.

A 
Permituratu
Post-natal depression
Separation
Foster care/ adoption
Emotional unavailability
Disability
76
Q

What can low self-esteem in children cause?

A

the child can become passive, withdrawn,depressed, difficulty dealing with problems, self-critical.

77
Q

What are the stages of play and what ages do they occur at?

A 
solo play (0-1 yrs)
solo play (12-18 mnths)
parallel play (18 mnths-2 yrs)
Associative play (3-4 yrs)
Cooperative play (4-6 yrs)
Cooperative play (6-8 yrs)
78
Q

What social development occurs in infancy?

A

Interacting with carers.

79
Q

What social development occurs in childhood?

A

First social learning.

80
Q

What social development occurs in in adolescence?`

A

Secondary social learning.

81
Q

What social development occurs in adulthood?

A

Maturity.

82
Q

What social development occurs in older adulthood?

A

More free time to develop friendships of increase involvement with friends or family.

Health and Social care (6 decks)

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