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AS Geography > Unit 1 Keywords > Flashcards

Unit 1 Keywords Flashcards

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1
Q

Precipitation

A

Falling of water from the sky

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2
Q

Interception

A

Water landing on vegetation before it hits the ground

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3
Q

Surface storage

A

Lakes, ponds and puddles

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4
Q

Soil storage

A

Water stored in the soil

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5
Q

Groundwater storage

A

Water stored in subsurface rocks

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6
Q

Surface runoff

A

Water flowing over the ground surface

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7
Q

Infiltration

A

Water soaking into the soil from the surface

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8
Q

Throughflow

A

Water flowing through soul

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9
Q

Percolation

A

Water infiltrating from the soil to the groundwater

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10
Q

Groundwater flow

A

Water flowing through subsurface rocks

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11
Q

Evaporation

A

Water turning from a liquid to a gas

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12
Q

Transpiration

A

Evaporated water leaving the leaves of vegetation

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13
Q

Condensation

A

Water turning from a gas to a liquid

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14
Q

Discharge

A

Volume of water flowing in a river at a given point and time

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15
Q

Drainage basin

A

Area of land drained by a single river system

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16
Q

Watershed

A

Areas of high land that separate drainage basins

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17
Q

Pipeflow

A

Water flowing along the paths of roots of vegetation

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18
Q

Stemflow

A

Precipitation running down stems and trunks of vegetation to the ground

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19
Q

Vegetation storage

A

Water stored within vegetation

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20
Q

Water balance

A

Balance between precipitation and evapotranspiration

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21
Q

Graded profile

A

Cross section of a river cut lengthways from source to mouth

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22
Q

Cross profile

A

Cross section of a river across its width at a certain point

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23
Q

Wetted perimeter

A

The length of the cross profile where the water is in contact with the river bed

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24
Q

Hydraulic radius

A

Cross sectional area / wetted perimeter

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25
Q

Erosion

A

Wearing away and/or breaking down of material

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26
Q

Transportation

A

Movement of material

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27
Q

Deposition

A

A loss of energy causing material to be dropped

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28
Q

Abrasion

A

Erosion between load and sea/river bed

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29
Q

Hydraulic action

A

Air trapped in small gaps causing material to be blown out under pressure

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30
Q

Corrosion

A

Erosion of soluble rocks due to solution

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31
Q

Attrition

A

Erosion of load against load

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32
Q

Traction

A

Rolling of larger material at times of high energy

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33
Q

Saltation

A

Bouncing of stones along the sea/river bed

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34
Q

Suspension

A

Small particles being carried

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35
Q

Solution

A

Dissolved load

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36
Q

Capacity

A

Max volume of load a river can carry at a given point

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37
Q

Competence

A

Max diameter of largest possible piece of load a river can carry

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38
Q

Calibre

A

Diameter of load

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39
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

Balance between erosion and deposition

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40
Q

Rejuvenation

A

When a river has an increase in it’s erosive power due to a change in its base level

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41
Q

Eustatic change

A

Changing sea level due to melting of ice sheets

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42
Q

Isostatic change

A

Change in land height caused by weight of ice building up or released

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43
Q

Knickpoint

A

An irregularity in gradient between rejuvenated and non-rejuvenated sections

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44
Q

River terrace

A

A succession of downcutting into the floodplain due to rejuvenation

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45
Q

Incised meanders

A

Downcutting of meanders

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46
Q

V shaped valleys

A

Steep sided valleys caused by downcutting

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47
Q

Interlocking spurs

A

When a river winds around bands of hard rock

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48
Q

Waterfalls

A

When water falls down a ledge created through erosion

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49
Q

Gorge

A

Very steep sided valleys caused by waterfall retreat

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50
Q

Potholes

A

The drilling of high velocity pebbles into the river bed

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51
Q

Meanders

A

Winding of a river due to changes in velocity in its cross profile

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52
Q

Oxbow lake

A

When a meander is cut off from the main river channel

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53
Q

Floodplain

A

Area of flat land surrounding river where a river will flood

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54
Q

Braided channels

A

Small, semi permanent islands found in the river channel

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55
Q

Levees

A

Land beside beside the river that has built up by deposition during flood events

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56
Q

Deltas

A

Deposition at the mouth

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57
Q

Rapids

A

More rapid river flow

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58
Q

Alluvium

A

Deposited silt and clays

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59
Q

Sediment accretion

A

Build up of alluvium

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60
Q

Meander migration

A

Downstream movement of meanders caused by headward erosion

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61
Q

Arcuate deltas

A

When sediment is deposited out into the sea forming distributaries

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62
Q

Cuspate deltas

A

Occur when prevailing winds prevent distributaries from forming

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63
Q

Birds foot deltas

A

When sediment is deposited in finger like structured

64
Q

Bluff line

A

The edge of a floodplain

65
Q

Population distribution

A

The spread of population

66
Q

Population structure

A

The make up of the population

67
Q

Population pyramid

A

Breakdown of population into age and sex

68
Q

Life expectancy

A

Average years of life

69
Q

Population density

A

Population per unit area

70
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

Deaths of children under 1 per thousand live births per year

71
Q

Natural change

A

Change in population caused by BR and DR

72
Q

Death rate

A

Number of deaths per thousand people per year

73
Q

Migration rate

A

Inflow or outflow per thousand inhabitants per year

74
Q

Fertility rate

A

Average number of children women can expect to have in their lifetime in a specific area

75
Q

Birth rate

A

Number of live births per thousand people per year

76
Q

DTM stage 1

A

High fluctuating

77
Q

DTM stage 2

A

Early expanding

78
Q

DTM stage 3

A

Late expanding

79
Q

DTM stage 4

A

Low fluctuating

80
Q

DTM stage 5

A

Declining

81
Q

DTM stage 6

A

Ooooh spooky spooky doot doot, thank Mr Skeltal

82
Q

Carrying capacity (pop.)

A

Max number of people an area can support

83
Q

Optimum population

A

The ideal number of people living and working in a given area

84
Q

Underpopulation

A

When resources could support a larger population

85
Q

Overpopulation

A

When population is greater than optimum population

86
Q

Positive checks

A

Increases in mortality such as famine or civil war

87
Q

Preventative checks

A

Policies to curb population growth

88
Q

Migration

A

A change of residence of an individual or group

89
Q

Immigration

A

Moving into an area

90
Q

Emigration

A

Moving out of an area

91
Q

Net migration

A

Difference between immigration and emigration

92
Q

Voluntary migration

A

When a migrant choses to move

93
Q

Forced migration

A

When a migrant has to move due to circumstances

94
Q

Social welfare

A

The social well being of people in an area

95
Q

Longshore drift

A

Moving of material along a coastline due to direction of waves

96
Q

Fetch

A

Distance over which prevailing wind acts where waves can gain energy

97
Q

Swash

A

Movement of water up beach

98
Q

Backwash

A

Movement if water down beach

99
Q

Constructive waves

A

Waves that have a stronger swash

100
Q

Destructive waves

A

Waves that have a stronger backwash

101
Q

Wave refraction

A

Bending of waves near the coastline due to friction

102
Q

Beaches

A

Where deposition occurs coastally

103
Q

Tides

A

Periodic rise and fall of sea caused by gravitational pull of moon and sun

104
Q

Spring tide

A

Highest tide when the sun and moon are alligned

105
Q

Neap tide

A

Lowest high tide when sun and moon are perpendicular to each other

106
Q

Storm surge

A

Stormy, low pressure conditions causing abnormally high sea level and dangerous conditions

107
Q

Sediment cell

A

Area in which sediment moves along coastline, separated by bays, headlands and eastauries

108
Q

Concordant coastlines

A

Where rocks bands run parallel to the coastline

109
Q

Discordant coastlines

A

When rock bands are perpendicular to coastline

110
Q

Headland

A

Area of land that juts out into sea, usually made of harder rock

111
Q

Bay

A

Inlet caused by erosion of softer rock

112
Q

Freeze thaw

A

When water enters fractures and freezes, causing fracture to enlarge

113
Q

Pressure release

A

When pressure of overlying rock is released, causing rock to expand

114
Q

Biological weathering

A

Plant seeds entering fractures and germinating, causing fracture to enlarge

115
Q

Oxidation

A

Oxygen in the air reacting to form oxides

116
Q

Hydration

A

Rocks absorbing water causing them to swell

117
Q

Carbonation

A

Carbon dioxide reacting with rainwater, leading to acid rain

118
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Oxygen and hydroxide ions reacting with the rocks

119
Q

Organic weathering

A

Plant acids

120
Q

Acid rain

A

Human produced compounds which react with rainwater to weather rocks

121
Q

Rockfall

A

Rapid free fall of rock from steep cliff face

122
Q

Mudflow

A

Rapid and sudden movement of mud down a steep slide

123
Q

Earthflow

A

Movement of soil down slopes

124
Q

Soil creep

A

Movement of soil down gentle slope

125
Q

Solicluction

A

Permafrost preventing infiltration and leading to saturation, causing movement of ground

126
Q

Debris slide

A

Rapid downward sliding and rolling of dry earth and rocky debris

127
Q

Slump

A

Where one layer of ground slides over another

128
Q

Spit

A

Where material has been pushed out into the sea forming a peninsula

129
Q

Bar

A

Where a spit goes across a bay

130
Q

Tombolo

A

When a spit goes from the mainland to an island

131
Q

Halosere/salt marsh

A

Area of sediment build up in low energy areas, usually behind spits

132
Q

Emergence

A

Landforms that have formed by relative falls in sea level

133
Q

Submergence

A

Landforms formed by relative rise in sea level

134
Q

Ria

A

Drowned coastal river valley

135
Q

Fjords

A

Drowned glacial valleys

136
Q

Fjards

A

Submerged glacial lowlands

137
Q

Dalmatian coasts

A

Submerged valleys running parallel to coastline, creating a chain of islands

138
Q

Psammaseres/sand dunes

A

Where sand has been transported and deposited, causing mounds to form and vegetation to take hold

139
Q

Berms

A

Ridges built up by constructive waves that mark points of high tide

140
Q

Cusps

A

Semi circular depressions

141
Q

Runnels

A

Channels caused by the drainage of water into the sea

142
Q

Cove

A

A bay formed on a concordant coastline where a fault has been exploited

143
Q

Pandemic

A

An epidemic occurring over a wide area and affecting a large number of people

144
Q

Endemic

A

The constant presence of a disease in area or population group

145
Q

Morbidity

A

Illness and the reporting of disease

146
Q

Attack rate

A

The number of cases of a disease diagnosed in an area

147
Q

Mortality

A

The death of people

148
Q

Case mortality

A

Number of people dying from disease per the number diagnosed

149
Q

Malnutrition

A

An improper diet when the body does not receive the right amount of vitamins, minerals and nutrients

150
Q

Stunting

A

Shortness for age, reduced growth due to low calorie intake

151
Q

Periodic famine

A

Regional failure of food production or distribution systems

152
Q

Overnourishment

A

Excessive food consumption

153
Q

Undernourishment

A

The status of people whose diet does not contain enough calories to meet physiological needs

154
Q

Famine

A

A semi permanent shortage of food

155
Q

Obesity

A

Abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health

156
Q

Transnational corperation

A

A company that operates in multiple countries

157
Q

Drainage basin hydrological cycle

A

Cycle of water on a drainage basin scale, open system with inputs and outputs.

AS Geography (4 decks)

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