Unit 1 Key Terms and Concepts

Question 1

World History

Answer 1

What is common among all people. Historical patterns that are distinctively pan-human in nature.

Question 2

Networks of exchange

Answer 2

trade, migration, cultural exchange. anything that connects historical hierarchies

Question 3

Hierarchies of power

Answer 3

states, countries, kingdoms, empires, or even nations

Question 4

Cultural frameworks

Answer 4

What makes the “room” its own environment/lens

Question 5

Cognitive-linguistic revolution

Answer 5

linguistic capacity to communicate abstract thoughts to others through symbols. Creation of social hierarchies, networks of exchange and cultural frames

Question 6

Collective learning

Answer 6

The ability of a species to retain more information with one generation than is lost by the next

Question 7

Mimetic culture

Answer 7

causes a fairly uniform culture within hunting and gathering bands. Learning through imitation

Question 8

Symbolic culture

Answer 8

Sense of self. Purpose and meaning. Art and beauty. Having time for these things

Question 9

Hunting-gatherer energy regime

Answer 9

The energy exertion to capture ration for food is inefficient and there is almost no surplus

Question 10

nomadism

Answer 10

No permanent residence because of gathering food and following herds

Question 11

band

Answer 11

Small nomadic groups connected to other bands/tribes through short-range network connections. Kinship

Question 12

Tribe

Answer 12

Larger groups because they started to settle in fruitful areas. Start the use of permanent housing

Question 13

Hunter-gatherer society

Answer 13

Egalitarianism in politics, economics and gender statuses. Rituals of inclusion

Question 14

Tribalism and in-group dynamics

Answer 14

band or tribe, daily interaction, life-long relationships, common

Question 15

Tribalism out-group dynamics

Answer 15

Mistrust, caution, violence. Anyone outside of tribe/band.

Question 16

Agricultural Revolution

Answer 16

Started settling and finding opportunities to store food. the second great transformation of humans relationship to their environment

Question 17

Domestication of plants and animals

Answer 17

Selective breeding and effecting the process of evolution by causing the plants and animals to be reliant on the humans. Created advantages for groups with these plants and animals

Question 18

Pre-state, post-agricultural revolution village

Answer 18

didn’t become state-level because warlike societies lost too much of their wealth in warfare. There were no resources for coercion or to support a more specialized organization (specialist warriors who monopolized)

Question 19

State

Answer 19

A coercive organization of people that monopolizes the legitimate use of violence within its territory. Social technology created to solve problems. Sovereign governments

Question 20

The beast

Answer 20

Male propensity towards violence. Humans have to compete with each other. Hobbes vs Rousseau debate

Question 21

Roving Bandit

Question 22

Stationary bandit

Answer 22

Protect village to receive their own gain

Question 23

Caging

Answer 23

Geography prevents spreading out so there has to be competition between bandits and societies

Question 24

Red Queen Effect

Answer 24

increased pressure to adapt faster to survive

Question 25

Script vs Language

Answer 25

written achieved an appearance of permanence and timelessness denied to oral culture, even though oral traditions can be quite stable

Question 26

Great cultural divide

Answer 26

The differences between elite and non-elite culture in the agrarian world. Elite= unitary, transregional, written. Non-elite= multicultural, localist and oral

Question 27

Writing and collective learning and power

Answer 27

Elites

Question 28

Culture frames

Answer 28

set of culture values and assumptions fundamental to the culture's understanding of the world and themselves

Question 29

Cultural screens

Answer 29

contested issues like debates between different schools of thought

Question 30

Low and Slow in agricultural pyramid

Answer 30

Low productivity, slow communication. Compared to today, productivity is low because only a small group doesn't need to work

Question 31

River Valleys and early civilization

Answer 31

River valleys allowed for unification in civilizations. Created caging so civilizations needed to improve and compete with one another

Question 32

Sumeria

Answer 32

Pyramid: King, elites (priests, scribes, warriors), peasants, slaves and conscripts. Culture frame: Unpredictable gods Culture Screen: divine kingship, sacrifice, unpleasant afterlife The flooding patterns correlated with their beliefs and rulers

Question 33

Egypt

Answer 33

Pyramid: Pharoah, elites (priests and scribes), peasants and conscripts Frame: benevolent gods Screen: divine kings, afterlife

Question 34

Harappan

Answer 34

We don't know with certainty how it was structured because the writing on clay seals are too fragmented to be deciphered. Perhaps a king and priestly elites, but these are only speculations

Question 35

Shang

Answer 35

Oracle bones. Unification under one ruling family. Low intensity warfare. human sacrifice Pyramid: King, elites (priest/warriors, scribes) Frame: will of heaven Screen: kingship divination and warrior honor.

Question 36

Norte Chico

Answer 36

Earliest state-level society in the Americas Probably invented quipu (knots in colored strings as a record-keeping technology)

Question 37

Olmec

Answer 37

First Mesoamerican state-level society out of competition between chiefdoms. Warfare, writing and ritual ball game and human sacrifice. Slowest to reach state-level organization Pyramid: Kings, elites (priests)

Question 38

Atra-hasis: Babylonian Myth

Answer 38

The birth goddess, Belet-ili, sacrifices a god to create mankind and is called Mistress-of-All-the-Gods (Belet-kala-ili)

Question 39

Rig Veda: Indian Myth

Answer 39

The gods were born and created the worlds and opposites, but it isn't certain who knows how

Question 40

Genesis: Hebrew Myth

Answer 40

God created the earth in segments and placed man on earth to learn to obey God

Question 41

Yijing: Chinese Myth

Answer 41

Creative and receptive differences between nature and males and females. Very focused on patterns.

Question 42

Popo Vuh: Mayan Myth

Answer 42

Made earth from sky and void, but humans caused complications in creation and needed to be redone.

Question 43

Kojiki: Japanese Myth

Answer 43

Focusing on the role of females to take their place after males for creation to be successful. The children were strong when the god approached the goddess first.

Question 44

Agricultural revolution time period

Answer 44

12,000 to 5,000 BCE

Question 45

Hunter Gatherer Era time period

Answer 45

Beginning (200,000) - 10,000 BCE