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biology > UNIT 1: Key area 3 - gene expression > Flashcards

UNIT 1: Key area 3 - gene expression Flashcards

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1
Q

where is genetic code used and found ?

A

used in transcription and translation
found in ALL forms of life

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2
Q

what is gene expression controlled by ?

A

regulation of transcription and translation

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3
Q

what do genes code for ?

A

proteins

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4
Q

what are proteins made of ?

A

long chains of amino acids

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5
Q

what are amino acids joined together by ?

A

peptide bonds

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6
Q

what shapes to proteins fold into ?

A

different shapes

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7
Q

what does the shape of a protein dictate ?

A

the role it will have in cell

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8
Q

where do hydrogen bonds form ?

A

between certain amino acids in a poly peptide chain

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9
Q

when does a polypeptide chain becoem coiled or in a 3d shape ?

A

when hydrogen bonds are formed

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10
Q

where does protein synthesis begin and end ?

A

begins in the nucleas of cell and end sun the cytoplasm

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11
Q

what plays a vital role in the production of protein from the code of DNA ?

A

RNA

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12
Q

compare DNA with RNA
3 points

A
  1. DNA is doubke stranded whereas RNA is single stranded
  2. RNA uses the base URACIL whereas DNA uses thymine
  3. RNA nucleotides are similar in structure to DNA but RIBOSE replaces deoxyribose sugar
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13
Q

Name the three types of RNA

A
  1. messenger RNA
  2. transfer RNA
  3. ribosomal RNA
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14
Q

explain messenger RNA (mRNA)

A
  • formed in the nucleas
  • carries a copy of the DNA from the nucleas to RIBOSOMES
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15
Q

explain transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

molecules carry specific amino acids and bring them to ribosomes to build proteins

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16
Q

explain ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

molecules combine with proteins to make a ribosome
ribosomal RNA is combined with proteins to form ribosomes

17
Q

where does transcription take place ?

A

nucleas

18
Q

what is transcription ?

A

the synthesis of mRNA from a section of DNA

19
Q

what is required fro transcription?

A
  • RNA polymerase
  • DNA template strand
  • primer
  • free RNA nucleotides
  • ATP
20
Q

name the stages of transcription

A
  1. RNA polymerase unwinds the dna strand exposing bases
  2. primer attaches to complementary bases to start the mRNA chain
  3. RNA polymerase adds nucleotides onto the 3 end

this is called primary transcript/mRNA

21
Q

what is RNA polymerase responsible for ?

A

this enzyme is responsible for transcription

22
Q

what does RNA polymerase molecule produce ?

A

primary transcript

23
Q

what are non coding regions called ?
where are they ?

A

IN trons they stay IN the nucleas

24
Q

what are codon regions called and where are they ?

A

EXons EXit the nucleas

25
Q

what is translation ?

A

synthesis of polypeptide protein

26
Q

where does translation occur ?

A

ribosome

27
Q

mRNA is made of sequencers of three nucleotides called ?

A

codons

28
Q

what are codons ?

A

mRNA made of sequences of three nucleotides

29
Q

what is each codon code for ?

A

one amino acid

30
Q

remaining exons are spliced together to make a continuous sequence
what is this called ?

A

mature transcript

31
Q

what does each gene start and end with ?

A

start codon and stop codon

32
Q

tRNA is made of what ?
and found where ?

A

a single chain of nucleotides
found int he cytoplasm

33
Q

what do lomg amino acid chains make ?

A

proteins

34
Q

what are ribosomes composed from ?

A

proteins and rRNA

35
Q

steps of translation

A
  1. ribosome bonds to mRNA at start codon
  2. complementary anticodon carrying an amino acid attaches
  3. next mRNA codon bonds with complementary anticodon
  4. a peptide bond forms between 2 amino acids
  5. ribosome moves one codon
  6. tRNA release amino acid this can be reused
  7. steps 3-6 relay until ribosome reaches stop codon
36
Q

what is alternative RNA splicing ?

A

certain conditions allow alternative segments of RNA to be treated as exons and introns

37
Q

summarise alteranative RNA splicing

A

a gene can make many differnt mature mENA transcripts
therefore many different proteins

38
Q

why is tRNA folded ?

A

for atincodon site and attachment of specific amino acid

biology (14 decks)

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